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• W2085451506 startingPage "1" @default.
• W2085451506 abstract "The eukaryotic genome is exquisitely responsive to a great variety of internal, developmental, and environmental stimuli and yet is most commonly visualized in packaged form: each 180 bp of DNA are bound to histones into a nucleosome, chains of nucleosomes coalesce into a necklace, and the necklace twists into a chromosome of undetermined structure that is somewhat inert in its regularity. This seeming conundrum is easily resolved in vivo, because, rather than treat the histones and chromatin as some pernicious obstacle that ought to be swept out of the way, eukaryotic transcriptional regulators clearly see a powerful ally in the nucleoprotein architecture of chromatin and make extensive use of its disruption, modification, and assembly to control the genome’s behavior. In this review, we focus on a well researched example of such a symbiosis: the intimate functional relationship that nuclear hormone receptors (NHRs) have with their chromatin templates. Its history in biological scholarship is a distinguished one and includes the pioneering study by Klever and Carlson (1) in the 1950s on the insect steroid hormone ecdysone that revealed a functional connection between hormone action, gene activation, and remodeling of chromatin, studies in the 1980s on the glucocorticoid receptor that took such analysis to a molecular level (2), and subsequent work in the 1990s from a number of laboratories that characterized the extraordinarily diverse spectrum of chromatin-modifying and -remodeling factors that partner with the NHRs to effect gene regulation (3). In this review, we address some textbook schematic-inspired misconceptions about the structure of the nucleosome and of chromatin that are relevant to transcriptional control and elaborate on the structural impediments created by chromatin for access to DNA by nonhistone factors. We highlight mechanisms whereby such NHRs as the glucocorticoid, estrogen, and thyroid hormone receptors overcome this impediment and present a hypothetical scenario for gene activation by NHRs in vivo. Various types of chromatin disruption and modification phenomena that occur in vivo and the chromatin-modifying machines thought to be responsible for such modifications are described. We list the evidence implicating such machines in NHR function and conclude by reviewing recent data that illuminate the remarkably dynamic nature of in vivo gene regulation by NHRs." @default.
• W2085451506 created "2016-06-24" @default.
• W2085451506 creator A5030339120 @default.
• W2085451506 creator A5043681110 @default.
• W2085451506 date "2001-01-01" @default.
• W2085451506 modified "2023-10-18" @default.
• W2085451506 title "A Necessary Good: Nuclear Hormone Receptors and Their Chromatin Templates" @default.
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