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- W3159353476 abstract "Ecological risk assessments for chemicals are fundamental to understand and manage their adverse impacts on the environment. In this chapter, we introduce methods to assess the ecological risks of chemicals with a particular focus on trace metals such as zinc and copper. In freshwater ecosystems which are most threatened than other ecosystems at a global scale, trace metal contamination is a long-standing concern worldwide. A typical source of the trace metal contamination is active/inactive (legacy) mines, and many of those mines have been causing different levels of environmental impacts. Here, we introduce three types of methods to assessing ecological risks and impacts of trace metals, and their advantages and limitations. First, comparing the measured concentrations of metals with environmental quality benchmarks such as water quality standards is a useful screening-level approach. Second, by performing toxicity tests with field-collected water samples, the whole toxicity to aquatic organisms (e.g., algae, crustaceans, or fishes) is directly examined. Third, field surveys of biological groups can directly capture the ecological consequences of metal exposure to aquatic populations and communities. Typical biological groups used for biological assessment in streams and rivers are periphyton, benthic macroinvertebrates, and fishes. The simplest study design for the field survey is comparing aquatic populations and communities at two river sites upstream and downstream the inflow of mine discharge. If ecological risks of a chemical are highly concerned, the countermeasures to reduce the environmental concentrations are ideally required. In Japan, the environmental water quality standard for zinc in freshwater was established to be 30 μg/L to protect aquatic populations and was derived based on a chronic toxicity value for a macroinvertebrate (mayfly) species. However, the results of field surveys in multiple rivers suggest that dissolved zinc concentrations of more than twice the standard (70–115 μg/L) has little effect on macroinvertebrate richness and thereby that the Japanese water quality standard is somewhat overprotective for the protection of the macroinvertebrate richness. Accumulated findings clearly indicate that field survey can be used to reasonably infer “safe” concentrations in the natural environment." @default.
- W3159353476 created "2021-05-10" @default.
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- W3159353476 date "2021-01-01" @default.
- W3159353476 modified "2023-10-17" @default.
- W3159353476 title "How to Assess Ecological Risks of Trace Metals in Environment" @default.
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- W3159353476 doi "https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-33-6934-4_4" @default.
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