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• W834630007 abstract "Emotional Valence is Body-Specific: Evidence from spontaneous gestures during US presidential debates. Daniel Casasanto Kyle Jasmin (daniel.casasanto@mpi.nl) (kyle.jasmin@mpi.nl) Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics Wundtlaan 1, 6525 XD Nijmegen, The Netherlands Abstract emotional valence that is not encoded in any known language or cultural artifacts, but which was predicted based on particulars of our bodies. What is the relationship between motor action and emotion? Here we investigated whether people associate good things more strongly with the dominant side of their bodies, and bad things with the non-dominant side. To find out, we analyzed spontaneous gestures during speech expressing ideas with positive or negative emotional valence (e.g., freedom, pain, compassion). Samples of speech and gesture were drawn from the 2004 and 2008 US presidential debates, which involved two left-handers (Obama, McCain) and two right- handers (Kerry, Bush). Results showed a strong association between the valence of spoken clauses and the hands used to make spontaneous co-speech gestures. In right-handed candidates, right-hand gestures were more strongly associated with positive-valence clauses, and left-hand gestures with negative-valence clauses. Left-handed candidates showed the opposite pattern. Right- and left-handers implicitly associated positive valence more strongly with their dominant hand: the hand they can use more fluently. These results support the body-specificity hypothesis, (Casasanto, 2009), and suggest a perceptuomotor basis for even our most abstract ideas. Keywords: Body-specificity hypothesis; Gesture; Handedness; Metaphor; Presidential election; Valence Introduction Language and culture are two powerful forces that shape our minds. Where languages and cultures differ from one another, linguistic and cultural experience gives rise to language-specific and culture-specific patterns of thinking and acting, plausibly via ordinary learning mechanisms (e.g., Casasanto, 2008a; Nisbett, Peng, Choi, & Norenzayan, 2001; cf., Fodor, 1985; Pinker, 1994). Here we investigate another pervasive force that shapes our thoughts, feelings, and actions: bodily experience. According to the body-specificity hypothesis (Casasanto, 2009), people with different kinds of bodies, who interact with their physical environments in systematically different ways, should form correspondingly different ‘body-specific’ mental representations. It is challenging to disentangle the potential contributions of linguistic, cultural, and bodily experience to the structure of our minds. Because patterns in language and culture closely mirror patterns of bodily interactions with the environment (Clark, 1973), language, culture, and body generally make the same neural and behavioral predictions. To overcome this obstacle, the present study tested for a body-specific association between physical space and In language and culture, Good=Right. Across languages and cultures, left is conventionally associated with bad and right with good. English idioms like the right answer and my right hand man link good things with rightward space, and complementary idioms like out in left field and two left feet associate bad things with leftward space. The Latin words for right and left, dexter and sinister, form the roots of English words meaning skillful and evil, respectively. The words for right in French (droite) and in German (Recht) are closely related to the words meaning a ‘right’ or privilege accorded by the law, whereas the words for left in French (gauche) and German (Links) are related to words meaning distasteful or clumsy. Left-right idioms are also evident in nonlinguistic conventions in many cultures. Roman orators were admonished never to gesture with their left hand, alone (Quintillian, Institutio Oratoria, Book 11). Actors in the English renaissance were warned that vigorous left-hand gesturing was not only vulgar but also dangerous, and could result in the ‘vital spirits’ exploding out of the left ventricle (Bulwer, Chironomia, 1644). In modern Ghanaian society, pointing and gesturing with the left hand is prohibited (Kita & Essegby, 2001). According to Islamic doctrine, the left hand should only be used for dirty jobs like cleaning one’s self, whereas the right hand is used for eating. Likewise, the left foot is used for stepping into the bathroom, and the right foot for entering the mosque. Why does good correspond to right and bad to left, throughout the world and throughout the ages? One possible explanation is that this pattern arises from universal properties of the human brain and mind, perhaps related to innate hemispheric specialization for approach and avoidance motivational systems (Maxwell & Davidson, 2007). Once established due to innate neurobiological factors, conventions in language and culture may reinforce this implicit preference for the right. An alternative possibility, however, is that left-right conventions in language and culture arise as a consequence of body-specific associations between space and valence. Bodies are lopsided. Most people have a dominant hand, usually the right hand (Corballis & Beale, 1976), and therefore interact with their environment more fluently on" @default.
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• W834630007 title "Emotional valence is body-specific: Evidence from spontaneous gestures during US presidential debates" @default.
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