Matches in Ubergraph for { ?s <http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBPROP_0000003> ?o ?g. }
- UBERON_0001111 UBPROP_0000003 "Inspiration by active expansion of the thorax evolved later, in the ancestor of reptiles, birds, and mammals. This was powered originally by the intercostal muscles (as in lizards or crocodilians) and later (in mammals only) by a muscular diaphragm.[well established][VHOG]" @default.
- UBERON_0001117 UBPROP_0000003 "The caudate lobe is the only real and constant hepatic lobe of mammals (...) .[well established][VHOG]" @default.
- UBERON_0001118 UBPROP_0000003 "Thus, a thyroid capable of forming iodotyrosines and iodothyronines is present in all vertebrates. (...) Certain morphologic changes occur after the biochemical evolution of the thyroid has ceased. In the adult lamprey and in most bony fishes, the gland is not encapsulated. (...) In cartilaginous fish, the thyroid is encapsulated. In the higher vertebrate forms, the thyroid is a one- or two-lobed encapsulated structure.[well established][VHOG]" @default.
- UBERON_0001119 UBPROP_0000003 "Thus, a thyroid capable of forming iodotyrosines and iodothyronines is present in all vertebrates. (...) Certain morphologic changes occur after the biochemical evolution of the thyroid has ceased. In the adult lamprey and in most bony fishes, the gland is not encapsulated. (...) In cartilaginous fish, the thyroid is encapsulated. In the higher vertebrate forms, the thyroid is a one- or two-lobed encapsulated structure.[well established][VHOG]" @default.
- UBERON_0001120 UBPROP_0000003 "Thus, a thyroid capable of forming iodotyrosines and iodothyronines is present in all vertebrates. (...) Certain morphologic changes occur after the biochemical evolution of the thyroid has ceased. In the adult lamprey and in most bony fishes, the gland is not encapsulated. (...) In cartilaginous fish, the thyroid is encapsulated. In the higher vertebrate forms, the thyroid is a one- or two-lobed encapsulated structure.[well established][VHOG]" @default.
- UBERON_0001128 UBPROP_0000003 "The sternomastoid and the three parts of the trapezius are branchiomeric muscles that have secondarily acquired an attachment to the pectoral girdle. They evolved from the fish cucullaris.[well established][VHOG]" @default.
- UBERON_0001130 UBPROP_0000003 "Vertebrata is characterized by three synapomorphies. First, vertebrates have a backbone composed of vertebrae (...).[well established][VHOG]" @default.
- UBERON_0001132 UBPROP_0000003 "The evolution of the tetrapods, and the shift from an aquatic to a terrestrial environment, was believed to have required new controls for regulating calcium homeostasis, and thus the evolution of parathyroid glands (...) both the tetrapod parathyroid and the gills of fish contribute to the regulation of extracellular calcium levels. It is therefore reasonable to suggest that the parathyroid gland evolved as a result of the transformation of the gills into the parathyroid glands of tetrapods and the transition from an aquatic to a terrestrial environment. This interpretation would also explain the positioning of the parathyroid gland within the pharynx in the tetrapod body. Were the parathyroid gland to have emerged de novo with the evolution of the tetrapods it could, as an endocrine organ, have been placed anywhere in the body and still exert its effect.[well established][VHOG]" @default.
- UBERON_0001134 UBPROP_0000003 "This result implies the following views in terms of evolutionary differentiation: (1) Arthropod striated muscle and vertebrate skeletal and cardiac muscles share a common ancestor. In other words, they did not evolve independently (...) (5) The divergence of vertebrate skeletal and cardiac muscles/vertebrate smooth muscle and nonmuscle is at least before that of vertebrates/arthropods. In other words, emergence of skeletal and cardiac musle type tissues preceded the vertebrate/arthropod divergence (ca. 700 MYA).[well established][VHOG]" @default.
- UBERON_0001135 UBPROP_0000003 "(...) the first bilateral animals possessed only smooth muscles with the molecular repertoire necessary to build a striated muscle. (...) it is more parsimonious to regard striated muscle cells as a sister cell type to the smooth muscle cells. In this scenario, striated and smooth muscles would have arisen in the stem lineage that led to the Nephrozoa (i.e. all Bilateria exclusive the acoelomorphs) (Hejnol et al., 2009), from an 'acoel-like' smooth muscle, by segregation and divergence of functions and through differential recruitment of additional genes[well established][VHOG]" @default.
- UBERON_0001150 UBPROP_0000003 "Hagfish and lampreys may have one or more endocrine buds - and later the vertebrate pancreas develop as independent ventral and dorsal buds that eventually fuse to become one organ.[well established][VHOG]" @default.
- UBERON_0001151 UBPROP_0000003 "Hagfish and lampreys may have one or more endocrine buds - and later the vertebrate pancreas develop as independent ventral and dorsal buds that eventually fuse to become one organ.[well established][VHOG]" @default.
- UBERON_0001154 UBPROP_0000003 "A comparative anatomical approach reveals three apparent morphotypes of the cecal appendix, as well as appendix-like structures in some species that lack a true cecal appendix. Cladistic analyses indicate that the appendix has evolved independently at least twice (at least once in diprotodont marsupials and at least once in Euarchontoglires), shows a highly significant (P < 0.0001) phylogenetic signal in its distribution, and has been maintained in mammalian evolution for 80 million years or longer.[well established][VHOG]" @default.
- UBERON_0001155 UBPROP_0000003 "Although all vertebrates have a digestive tract and accessory glands, various parts of this system are not necessarily homologous, analogous, or even present in all species. Therefore, broad comparisons can be best made under the listings of headgut, foregut, midgut, pancreas and biliary system, hindgut.[uncertain][VHOG]" @default.
- UBERON_0001160 UBPROP_0000003 "Although all vertebrates have a digestive tract and accessory glands, various parts of this system are not necessarily homologous, analogous, or even present in all species. Therefore, broad comparisons can be best made under the listings of headgut, foregut, midgut, pancreas and biliary system, hindgut.[uncertain][VHOG]" @default.
- UBERON_0001166 UBPROP_0000003 "Although all vertebrates have a digestive tract and accessory glands, various parts of this system are not necessarily homologous, analogous, or even present in all species. Therefore, broad comparisons can be best made under the listings of headgut, foregut, midgut, pancreas and biliary system, hindgut.[uncertain][VHOG]" @default.
- UBERON_0001179 UBPROP_0000003 "In hagfishes a transverse septum extends upward from the ventral body wall posterior to the heart, partly separating an anterior pericardial cavity from a larger peritoneal cavity. (...) These basic relationships have not been modified by urodeles. The small pericardial cavity remains far forward where it is separated by a transverse septum from the principal coelom, which may now be called a pleuroperitoneal cavity because slender lungs are present. (...) The heart [of other tetrapods] is separated from the lungs (and liver if present) by more or less horizontal partitions that have their origin in the embryo as folds on the serous membrane of the right and left lateral body walls. These grow out to join in the midline of the body. They are called lateral mesocardia (birds) or pleuropericardial membranes. Posteriorly they join the transverse septum to form the adult pericardial membrane, or pericardium. (...) In their partitioning of their coelom, embryonic mammals resemble first early fishes (incomplete partition, posterior to heart, consisting of the transverse septum) and then reptiles (pericardium derived from transverse septum and pleuropericardial membranes) Mammals then separate paired pleural cavities from the peritoneal cavity by a diaphragm. The ventral portion of this organ comes from the transverse septum. The dorsal portion is derived from the dorsal mesentery and from still another pair of outgrowths from the lateral body wall, the pleuroperitoneal membranes.[well established][VHOG]" @default.
- UBERON_0001202 UBPROP_0000003 "(...) the adult Xenopus stomach exhibits both glandular and aglandular regions and a distinct pyloric sphincter similar to that of the amniotic vertebrates (...).[uncertain][VHOG]" @default.
- UBERON_0001221 UBPROP_0000003 "Behind the thorax, the lateral group (of muscles in reptiles and mammals) remains essentially as for amphibians. (It breaks into three sheet-like layers: external oblique muscle, the internal oblique, and the transversus). More anteriorly, however, the ribs, now enlarged, penetrate and alter this group of muscles. The transversus is excluded from the thorax and the external and internal obliques become, respectively, the external and internal intercostal muscles, which contribute to the new function of ventilation of the lungs.[well established][VHOG]" @default.
- UBERON_0001235 UBPROP_0000003 "All craniates have groups of cells homologous to the mammalian adrenocortical and chromaffin tissues (medulla), but they are scattered in and near the kidneys in fishes. (...) The cortical and chromaffin tissues come together to form adrenal glands in tetrapods.[well established][VHOG]" @default.
- UBERON_0001236 UBPROP_0000003 "All craniates have groups of cells homologous to the mammalian adrenocortical and chromaffin tissues (medulla), but they are scattered in and near the kidneys in fishes. (...) The cortical and chromaffin tissues come together to form adrenal glands in tetrapods.[well established][VHOG]" @default.
- UBERON_0001255 UBPROP_0000003 "In tetrapods, the urinary bladder arises as an outpocketing of the cloaca. (...) The tetrapod urinary bladder appears first among amphibians and is present in Sphenodon, turtles, most lizards, ostriches among birds, and all mammals.[well established][VHOG]" @default.
- UBERON_0001264 UBPROP_0000003 "In the hagfish and lampreys (our most primitive vertebrate species of today), the first sign of 'a new organ' is found as collections of endocrine cells around the area of the bile duct connection with the duodenum. These endocrine organs are composed of 99% beta cells and 1% somatostatin-producing delta cells. Compared to the more primitive protochordates (e.g. amphioxus), this represents a stage where all previously scattered insulin-producing cells of the intestinal tissue have now quantitatively migrated to found a new organ involved in sensing blood glucose rather than gut glucose. Only later in evolution, the beta cells are joined by exocrine tissue and alpha cells (exemplified by the rat-, rabbit- and elephant-fishes). Finally, from sharks and onwards in evolution, we have the islet PP-cell entering to complete the pancreas.[well established][VHOG]" @default.
- UBERON_0001269 UBPROP_0000003 "During the transformation from the osteolepiform fins to tetrapod limbs, the appendages and girdles underwent a number of radical changes. The pelvic girdle became a weight-bearing structure by evolution of an ischium, a full mesio-ventral contact between the two sides of the girdle, an ilium, and a contact between the vertebral column and the girdle through a sacral rib. Fore- and hindlimbs shifted laterally by reorientation of the glenoid and the acetabulum.[well established][VHOG]" @default.
- UBERON_0001280 UBPROP_0000003 "the (liver) tubular structure (dual layered parenchyma) appears to be conserved among all embryonic vertebrates (...) it is not unlikely that all vertebrate livers share the same fundamental functional unit.[well established][VHOG]" @default.
- UBERON_0001281 UBPROP_0000003 "(...) the amphibian liver has characteristics in common with both fish and terrestrial vertebrates. (...) The histological structure of the liver is similar to that in other vertebrates, with hepatocytes arranged in clusters and cords separated by a meshwork of sinusoids and the presence of the traditional triad of portal venule, hepatic arteriole, and bile duct.[well established][VHOG]" @default.
- UBERON_0001295 UBPROP_0000003 "The maternal part of the placenta (of eutherian mammals) is the vascularized and glandular uterine lining, or endometrium.[well established][VHOG]" @default.
- UBERON_0001296 UBPROP_0000003 "In all mammals, the uterus develops as a specialization of the paramesonephric or Müllerian ducts, which gives rise to the infundibula, oviducts, uterus, cervix, and anterior vagina. Morphogenetic events common to development of all uteri include: 1) differentiation and growth of the myometrium, 2) differentiation and morphogenesis of the endometrial glands, and 3) organization and stratification of endometrial stroma. Uterine development is initiated in the fetus, but is only completed postnatally with differentiation and development of the endometrial glands.[well established][VHOG]" @default.
- UBERON_0001305 UBPROP_0000003 "Examination of different vertebrate species shows that the adult gonad is remarkably similar in its morphology across different phylogenetic classes. Surprisingly, however, the cellular and molecular programs employed to create similar organs are not evolutionarily conserved.[uncertain][VHOG]" @default.
- UBERON_0001343 UBPROP_0000003 "Frogs among amphibians and the amniotes have males with testes that are composed of seminiferous tubules, which differ from ampullae in being long, highly convoluted ductules.[well established][VHOG]" @default.
- UBERON_0001353 UBPROP_0000003 "Although all vertebrates have a digestive tract and accessory glands, various parts of this system are not necessarily homologous, analogous, or even present in all species. Therefore, broad comparisons can be best made under the listings of headgut, foregut, midgut, pancreas and biliary system, hindgut.[uncertain][VHOG]" @default.
- UBERON_0001359 UBPROP_0000003 "In vertebrates, at early stages of Central Nervous System (CNS) development, the architecture of the brain primordium reveals the presence of the cavity of brain vesicles, which is filled by Embryonic Cerebro-Spinal Fluid (E-CSF). (...) Rat and chick E-CSF proteomes are similar, although rat is more complex in certain groups of proteins, e.g., apolipoproteins, which may be involved in the control of neural diversity, and has soluble enzymes present, just like adult human CSF, but unlike chick E-CSF, revealing phylogenetic brain differences between these groups of vertebrates.[uncertain][VHOG]" @default.
- UBERON_0001373 UBPROP_0000003 "The ambiens of reptiles and the iliotibialis of amphibians are likely homologues of the sartorius.[well established][VHOG]" @default.
- UBERON_0001388 UBPROP_0000003 "The most prominent ventral muscle of the shank is the gastrocnemius, the 'calf' muscle. In mammals, it has two heads, resulting from the fusion of two different phylogenetic predecessors.[well established][VHOG]" @default.
- UBERON_0001434 UBPROP_0000003 "By taking a holistic approach, integration of the evidence from molecular and developmental features of model organisms, the phylogenetic distribution in the 'new animal phylogeny' and the earliest fossilized remains of mineralized animal skeletons suggests independent origins of the skeleton at the phylum level.[debated][VHOG]" @default.
- UBERON_0001440 UBPROP_0000003 "Most anatomists now agree that the three proximal bones of the tetrapod limbs are homologous to the two or three proximal elements of the paired fin skeleton of other sarcopterygians, that is the humerus-femur, radius-tibia, and ulna-fibula.[well established][VHOG]" @default.
- UBERON_0001441 UBPROP_0000003 "Most anatomists now agree that the three proximal bones of the tetrapod limbs are homologous to the two or three proximal elements of the paired fin skeleton of other sarcopterygians, that is the humerus-femur, radius-tibia, and ulna-fibula.[well established][VHOG]" @default.
- UBERON_0001460 UBPROP_0000003 "Most anatomists now agree that the three proximal bones of the tetrapod limbs are homologous to the two or three proximal elements of the paired fin skeleton of other sarcopterygians, that is the humerus-femur, radius-tibia, and ulna-fibula.[well established][VHOG]" @default.
- UBERON_0001464 UBPROP_0000003 "The pelvic girdle is never joined by contributions of dermal bone. From its first appearance in placoderms, the pelvic girdle is exclusively endoskeletal. It arose from pterygiophores, perhaps several times, in support of the fin.[well established][VHOG]" @default.
- UBERON_0001467 UBPROP_0000003 "(...) endochondral elements of the early tetrapod shoulder develop from two centers of ossification, giving rise to a scapula and a 'coracoid'.[well established][VHOG]" @default.
- UBERON_0001473 UBPROP_0000003 "Tetrapods have evolved distinct lymphatic systems, in which lymphatic capillaries help drain most of the tissues of the body.[well established][VHOG]" @default.
- UBERON_0001474 UBPROP_0000003 "The 'new animal phylogeny' reveals that many of the groups known to biomineralize sit among close relatives that do not, and it favours an interpretation of convergent or parallel evolution for biomineralization in animals. (...) Whether this 'biomineralization toolkit'of genes reflects a parallel co-option of a common suite of genes or the inheritance of a skeletogenic gene regulatory network from a biomineralizing common ancestor remains an open debate.[debated][VHOG]" @default.
- UBERON_0001508 UBPROP_0000003 "The double systemic arch arches (left and right) present in amphibians and reptiles become reduced to a single systemic arch - the right in birds, the left in mammals.[well established][VHOG]" @default.
- UBERON_0001555 UBPROP_0000003 "The bilaterian gut is typically a complete tube that opens to the exterior at both ends. It consists of mouth, foregut, midgut, hindgut, and anus (reference 1); Although all vertebrates have a digestive tract and accessory glands, various parts of this system are not necessarily homologous, analogous, or even present in all species. Therefore, broad comparisons can be best made under the listings of headgut, foregut, midgut, pancreas and biliary system, hindgut (reference 2).[well established][VHOG]" @default.
- UBERON_0001571 UBPROP_0000003 "The lamprey head contains another group of muscles, the epi- and hypo-branchial muscles (EBM and HBM), derivatives of anterior trunk myotomes. (...) The origin and the migration pattern of HBM precursors are very similar to that of the gnathostome MPP, especially to that of the tongue muscle precursors. Other evidence of homology of lamprey HBM to the gnathostome tongue muscle is that HBM is innervated by the nerve termed the hypoglossal nerve based on its morphological position associated with the head/trunk interface. (...) The HBM-specific expression of the LampPax3/7 gene is consistent with the homology of this muscle to the gnathostome tongue muscle, or to the hypobranchial series as a whole (including the infrahyoid and possibly the diaphragm in mammals).[well established][VHOG]" @default.
- UBERON_0001575 UBPROP_0000003 "The lamprey head contains another group of muscles, the epi- and hypo-branchial muscles (EBM and HBM), derivatives of anterior trunk myotomes. (...) The origin and the migration pattern of HBM precursors are very similar to that of the gnathostome MPP, especially to that of the tongue muscle precursors. Other evidence of homology of lamprey HBM to the gnathostome tongue muscle is that HBM is innervated by the nerve termed the hypoglossal nerve based on its morphological position associated with the head/trunk interface. (...) The HBM-specific expression of the LampPax3/7 gene is consistent with the homology of this muscle to the gnathostome tongue muscle, or to the hypobranchial series as a whole (including the infrahyoid and possibly the diaphragm in mammals).[well established][VHOG]" @default.
- UBERON_0001576 UBPROP_0000003 "The lamprey head contains another group of muscles, the epi- and hypo-branchial muscles (EBM and HBM), derivatives of anterior trunk myotomes. (...) The origin and the migration pattern of HBM precursors are very similar to that of the gnathostome MPP, especially to that of the tongue muscle precursors. Other evidence of homology of lamprey HBM to the gnathostome tongue muscle is that HBM is innervated by the nerve termed the hypoglossal nerve based on its morphological position associated with the head/trunk interface. (...) The HBM-specific expression of the LampPax3/7 gene is consistent with the homology of this muscle to the gnathostome tongue muscle, or to the hypobranchial series as a whole (including the infrahyoid and possibly the diaphragm in mammals).[well established][VHOG]" @default.
- UBERON_0001579 UBPROP_0000003 "We conclude this section by listing some of the many synapomorphies of craniates, including (...) (5) cranial nerves (...) (reference 1); Phylogenetically, the cranial nerves are thought to have evolved from dorsal and ventral nerves of a few anterior spinal nerves that became incorporated into the braincase. Dorsal and ventral nerves fuse in the trunk but not in the head, and they produce two series: dorsal cranial nerves (V, VII, IX, and X) and ventral cranial nerves (III, IV, VI, and XIII) (reference 2).[well established][VHOG]" @default.
- UBERON_0001585 UBPROP_0000003 "Phylogenetic modifications within this basic pattern of arteries and veins are largely correlated with functional changes. In the transition from water to land, gills gave way to lungs, accompanied by the establishment of a pulmonary circulation. In some fishes and certainly in tetrapods, the cardinal veins become less involved in blood return. Instead, the composite, prominent postcava (posterior vena cava) arose to drain the posterior part of the body and the precava (anterior vena cava) developed to drain the anterior part of the body.[well established][VHOG]" @default.
- UBERON_0001597 UBPROP_0000003 "The division of the adductor mandibulae in the various lines of tetrapod evolution correlates with divergences in their methods of feeding. (...) As the jaws become stronger and their movements more complex in the line of evolution toward mammals, the adductor complex becomes divided into several distinct muscles (temporalis, masseter, pterygoideus, tensor tympani, tensor veli palati).[well established][VHOG]" @default.
- UBERON_0001598 UBPROP_0000003 "The division of the adductor mandibulae in the various lines of tetrapod evolution correlates with divergences in their methods of feeding. (...) As the jaws become stronger and their movements more complex in the line of evolution toward mammals, the adductor complex becomes divided into several distinct muscles (temporalis, masseter, pterygoideus, tensor tympani, tensor veli palati).[well established][VHOG]" @default.
- UBERON_0001599 UBPROP_0000003 "The depressor mandibulae of tetrapods, which opens the jaws, is the homologue of the levator operculi and epihyoidean. In mammals, the depressor mandibulae evolves into the stapedius (...).[well established][VHOG]" @default.
- UBERON_0001600 UBPROP_0000003 "The division of the adductor mandibulae in the various lines of tetrapod evolution correlates with divergences in their methods of feeding. (...) As the jaws become stronger and their movements more complex in the line of evolution toward mammals, the adductor complex becomes divided into several distinct muscles (temporalis, masseter, pterygoideus, tensor tympani, tensor veli palati).[well established][VHOG]" @default.
- UBERON_0001601 UBPROP_0000003 "The ability to rotate the eyeball is common to all vertebrates with well-developed eyes, regardless of the habitat in which they live, so these (extrinsic ocular) muscles tend to be conservative. They change little during the course of evolution.[well established][VHOG]" @default.
- UBERON_0001602 UBPROP_0000003 "The ability to rotate the eyeball is common to all vertebrates with well-developed eyes, regardless of the habitat in which they live, so these [extrinsic ocular] muscles tend to be conservative. They change little during the course of evolution.[well established][VHOG]" @default.
- UBERON_0001603 UBPROP_0000003 "The ability to rotate the eyeball is common to all vertebrates with well-developed eyes, regardless of the habitat in which they live, so these [extrinsic ocular] muscles tend to be conservative. They change little during the course of evolution.[well established][VHOG]" @default.
- UBERON_0001609 UBPROP_0000003 "In mammals and in some reptiles, the thyroid is composed of two lobes connected by an isthmus; in birds and amphibians, the thyroid consists of two isolated lobes. (...) Despite these morphological differences, the ontogeny of the thyroid follows the same pattern in all vertebrates (...).[well established][VHOG]" @default.
- UBERON_0001630 UBPROP_0000003 "It seems clear that the metazoan ancestor inherited from its unicellular descendants an actin cytoskeleton and motor-proteins of the myosin superfamily. Within metazoans, these two molecules were arranged into effective contractile units, the muscles. The basic trends for muscle evolution are already expressed in the diploblastic taxa.[well established][VHOG]" @default.
- UBERON_0001633 UBPROP_0000003 "The major artery supplying the hindbrain, the basilar artery, runs along the ventral keel of the hindbrain in all vertebrates.[well established][VHOG]" @default.
- UBERON_0001637 UBPROP_0000003 "The appearance of Chordata and subsequently the vertebrates is accompanied by a rapid structural diversification of this primitive linear heart: looping, unidirectional circulation, an enclosed vasculature, and the conduction system.[well established][VHOG]" @default.
- UBERON_0001638 UBPROP_0000003 "The appearance of Chordata and subsequently the vertebrates is accompanied by a rapid structural diversification of this primitive linear heart: looping, unidirectional circulation, an enclosed vasculature, and the conduction system.[well established][VHOG]" @default.
- UBERON_0001639 UBPROP_0000003 "Adults of all vertebrates lose the vitelline veins and establish a single large hepatic portal vein (...) by the selective retention of parts of the left and right subintestinals and of several anastomoses that occur between them within and just posterior to the liver.[well established][VHOG]" @default.
- UBERON_0001643 UBPROP_0000003 "We conclude this section by listing some of the many synapomorphies of craniates, including (...) (5) cranial nerves (...) (reference 1); Phylogenetically, the cranial nerves are thought to have evolved from dorsal and ventral nerves of a few anterior spinal nerves that became incorporated into the braincase. Dorsal and ventral nerves fuse in the trunk but not in the head, and they produce two series: dorsal cranial nerves (V, VII, IX, and X) and ventral cranial nerves (III, IV, VI, and XIII) (reference 2).[well established][VHOG]" @default.
- UBERON_0001644 UBPROP_0000003 "We conclude this section by listing some of the many synapomorphies of craniates, including (...) (5) cranial nerves (...) (reference 1); Phylogenetically, the cranial nerves are thought to have evolved from dorsal and ventral nerves of a few anterior spinal nerves that became incorporated into the braincase. Dorsal and ventral nerves fuse in the trunk but not in the head, and they produce two series: dorsal cranial nerves (V, VII, IX, and X) and ventral cranial nerves (III, IV, VI, and XIII) (reference 2).[well established][VHOG]" @default.
- UBERON_0001645 UBPROP_0000003 "We conclude this section by listing some of the many synapomorphies of craniates, including (...) (5) cranial nerves (...) (reference 1); Phylogenetically, the cranial nerves are thought to have evolved from dorsal and ventral nerves of a few anterior spinal nerves that became incorporated into the braincase. Dorsal and ventral nerves fuse in the trunk but not in the head, and they produce two series: dorsal cranial nerves (V, VII, IX, and X) and ventral cranial nerves (III, IV, VI, and XIII) (reference 2).[well established][VHOG]" @default.
- UBERON_0001646 UBPROP_0000003 "We conclude this section by listing some of the many synapomorphies of craniates, including (...) (5) cranial nerves (...) (reference 1); Phylogenetically, the cranial nerves are thought to have evolved from dorsal and ventral nerves of a few anterior spinal nerves that became incorporated into the braincase. Dorsal and ventral nerves fuse in the trunk but not in the head, and they produce two series: dorsal cranial nerves (V, VII, IX, and X) and ventral cranial nerves (III, IV, VI, and XIII) (reference 2).[well established][VHOG]" @default.
- UBERON_0001647 UBPROP_0000003 "We conclude this section by listing some of the many synapomorphies of craniates, including (...) (5) cranial nerves (...) (reference 1); Phylogenetically, the cranial nerves are thought to have evolved from dorsal and ventral nerves of a few anterior spinal nerves that became incorporated into the braincase. Dorsal and ventral nerves fuse in the trunk but not in the head, and they produce two series: dorsal cranial nerves (V, VII, IX, and X) and ventral cranial nerves (III, IV, VI, and XIII) (reference 2).[well established][VHOG]" @default.
- UBERON_0001648 UBPROP_0000003 "We conclude this section by listing some of the many synapomorphies of craniates, including (...) (5) cranial nerves (...) (reference 1); Phylogenetically, the cranial nerves are thought to have evolved from dorsal and ventral nerves of a few anterior spinal nerves that became incorporated into the braincase. Dorsal and ventral nerves fuse in the trunk but not in the head, and they produce two series: dorsal cranial nerves (V, VII, IX, and X) and ventral cranial nerves (III, IV, VI, and XIII) (reference 2).[well established][VHOG]" @default.
- UBERON_0001649 UBPROP_0000003 "We conclude this section by listing some of the many synapomorphies of craniates, including (...) (5) cranial nerves (...) (reference 1); Phylogenetically, the cranial nerves are thought to have evolved from dorsal and ventral nerves of a few anterior spinal nerves that became incorporated into the braincase. Dorsal and ventral nerves fuse in the trunk but not in the head, and they produce two series: dorsal cranial nerves (V, VII, IX, and X) and ventral cranial nerves (III, IV, VI, and XIII) (reference 2).[well established][VHOG]" @default.
- UBERON_0001650 UBPROP_0000003 "Cranial nerves XI and XII evolved in the common ancestor to amniotes (non-amphibian tetrapods) thus totalling twelve pairs.[well established][VHOG]" @default.
- UBERON_0001679 UBPROP_0000003 "The ethmoid region of the chondrocranium and the nasal capsules, which were largely unossified in early tetrapods and ancestral amniotes, are represented in mammals by the ethmoid and turbinates bones, respectively.[well established][VHOG]" @default.
- UBERON_0001680 UBPROP_0000003 "The infraorbital bone 1 of actinopterygians is homologous with the lacrimal bone (...).[well established][VHOG]" @default.
- UBERON_0001683 UBPROP_0000003 "(...) and the infraorbital bone 3 of advanced actinopterygians (is homologous) with the jugal bone of sarcopterygians.[well established][VHOG]" @default.
- UBERON_0001686 UBPROP_0000003 "Additional structural analysis within a phylogenetic context has led to the remarkable discovery that in synapsids, thought to be ancestral to mammals, both the quadrate and articular have become reduced and less firmly articulated with their surrounding bones, reducing their jaw-joint-bearing role. This trend culminated with the incorporation of the quadrate, the columella (which remains articulated with the quadrate), and the articular into the expanded middle ear in mammals.[well established][VHOG]" @default.
- UBERON_0001687 UBPROP_0000003 "This structure (the hyomandibular), on ontogenic grounds alone, can be considered homologous with the amphibian and reptilian columella and the mammalian stapes.[well established][VHOG]" @default.
- UBERON_0001688 UBPROP_0000003 "According to this theory (Reichert-Gaupp theory), the mammalian stapes is derived from the reptilian columella, the incus from the quadrate and the malleus from the articular (...).[well established][VHOG]" @default.
- UBERON_0001689 UBPROP_0000003 "According to this theory (Reichert-Gaupp theory), the mammalian stapes is derived from the reptilian columella, the incus from the quadrate and the malleus from the articular (...).[well established][VHOG]" @default.
- UBERON_0001690 UBPROP_0000003 "Both vertebrate and invertebrate auditory organs are thought to have evolved from primitive mechanosensors, but the nature of the ancestral structure and the evolutionary trajectories followed in distinct animal lineages remain unknown. In particular, we do not know how many types of mechanosensor existed in the protostome-deuterostome ancestor from which insects and vertebrates evolved or whether the PDA had an auditory organ.[well established][VHOG]" @default.
- UBERON_0001691 UBPROP_0000003 "Some species, like Amolops tormotus (Feng et al. 2006), have a cavity in front of the tympanic membrane which is considered to be an ear canal and thus an outer ear. (...) The ancestral lineage of amphibians separated from the mammalian lineage, approximately 350 million years ago, in the paleozoic era. Many of the important developments in the auditory systems emerged after the ancestral paths separated (Manley and Clack 2003). This implies that shared features, like the tympanic middle ear, developed independently in different vertebrate lineages.[uncertain][VHOG]" @default.
- UBERON_0001700 UBPROP_0000003 "These (the epibranchial placodes) are focal thickenings of the embryonic ectoderm that form immediately dorsal and caudal of the clefts between the pharyngeal arches in all vertebrates, and they produce the neuroblasts which migrate and condense to form the distal cranial ganglia: the geniculate, petrosal and nodose ganglia. (...) The one substantial difference between the vertebrate pharyngeal arches and those of the protochordates is the presence of the epibranchial placodes but the evolution of these structures was undoubtedly driven by the endoderm.[well established][VHOG]" @default.
- UBERON_0001701 UBPROP_0000003 "These (the epibranchial placodes) are focal thickenings of the embryonic ectoderm that form immediately dorsal and caudal of the clefts between the pharyngeal arches in all vertebrates, and they produce the neuroblasts which migrate and condense to form the distal cranial ganglia: the geniculate, petrosal and nodose ganglia. (...) The one substantial difference between the vertebrate pharyngeal arches and those of the protochordates is the presence of the epibranchial placodes but the evolution of these structures was undoubtedly driven by the endoderm.[well established][VHOG]" @default.
- UBERON_0001706 UBPROP_0000003 "Whatever the common ancestor of the lamprey and gnathostomes may have looked like, it most likely possessed a neural-crest-derived premandibular ectomesenchyme closely associated with the NHP. Invention of the jaw subsequently required a space for the nasal septum and maxillary process to develop, which might have been provided by subdivision of the NHP into the nasal placode and the hypophysis (diplorhiny, the state of bilaterally separated nasal openings, would also have been a prerequisite for this).[well established][VHOG]" @default.
- UBERON_0001707 UBPROP_0000003 "Despite significant modification to the nasal cavity within Archosauria and its extreme hypertrophy and supraorbital development in Lambeosaurinae, the neural olfactory system and the olfactory region of the nasal cavity proper retain their plesiomorphic positions and associations, suggesting that this system is highly conserved in vertebrate evolution.[well established][VHOG]" @default.
- UBERON_0001709 UBPROP_0000003 "Subsequent vertebrate evolution has also involved major alterations to the pharynx; perhaps the most notable occurred with the evolution of the gnathostomes. This involved substantial modifications to the most anterior pharyngeal segments, with the jaw forming from the first, anterior, pharyngeal segment, while the second formed its supporting apparatus, the hyoid.[well established][VHOG]" @default.
- UBERON_0001710 UBPROP_0000003 "Subsequent vertebrate evolution has also involved major alterations to the pharynx; perhaps the most notable occurred with the evolution of the gnathostomes. This involved substantial modifications to the most anterior pharyngeal segments, with the jaw forming from the first, anterior, pharyngeal segment, while the second formed its supporting apparatus, the hyoid.[well established][VHOG]" @default.
- UBERON_0001712 UBPROP_0000003 "A tetrapod's eye usually has one or more eyelids that can move across its surface and protect and cleanse it. The eye of lissamphibians has a stationary upper eyelid but a movable and transparent lower one.[well established][VHOG]" @default.
- UBERON_0001713 UBPROP_0000003 "A tetrapod's eye usually has one or more eyelids that can move across its surface and protect and cleanse it. The eye of lissamphibians has a stationary upper eyelid but a movable and transparent lower one.[well established][VHOG]" @default.
- UBERON_0001723 UBPROP_0000003 "Most adult amphibians have a tongue, as do all known reptiles, birds and mammals. Thus it is likely that the tongue appeared with the establishment of tetrapods and this structure seems to be related, to some extant, to the terrestrial lifestyle.[well established][VHOG]" @default.
- UBERON_0001727 UBPROP_0000003 "Experients in amphibia have shown that an intrinsic feature of the pharyngeal endoderm is its ability to generate taste buds and this capacity must have been acquired by the endoderm at the origin of the vertebrates.[well established][VHOG]" @default.
- UBERON_0001736 UBPROP_0000003 "The most common oral glands in mammals are the salivary glands. There are usually three primary pairs of salivary glands, named for their approximate positions: mandibular (submandibular or submaxillary), sublingual, and parotid.[well established][VHOG]" @default.
- UBERON_0001737 UBPROP_0000003 "(In anura) a dorsal pair of arytenoid cartilages (...), which support vocal cords, and a ventral pair (often fused) of cricoid cartilage (...). These cartilages are regarded as derivatives of posterior visceral arches of ancestors. Together they constitute the larynx, a structure characteristic of tetrapods. (...) (In mammals) Paired arytenoid cartilages help support and control the vocal cords. The cricoid cartilage is single. Two additional cartilages are present that are lacking in other vertebrates: a large ventral thyroid cartilage (...) and a cartilage in the epiglottis.[well established][VHOG]" @default.
- UBERON_0001738 UBPROP_0000003 "[In anura] a dorsal pair of arytenoid cartilages (...), which support vocal cords, and a ventral pair (often fused) of cricoid cartilage (...). These cartilages are regarded as derivatives of posterior visceral arches of ancestors. Together they constitute the larynx, a structure characteristic of tetrapods. (...) [In mammals] Paired arytenoid cartilages help support and control the vocal cords. The cricoid cartilage is single. Two additional cartilages are present that are lacking in other vertebrates: a large ventral thyroid cartilage (...) and a cartilage in the epiglottis.[well established][VHOG]" @default.
- UBERON_0001739 UBPROP_0000003 "(In anura) a dorsal pair of arytenoid cartilages (...), which support vocal cords, and a ventral pair (often fused) of cricoid cartilage (...). These cartilages are regarded as derivatives of posterior visceral arches of ancestors. Together they constitute the larynx, a structure characteristic of tetrapods. (...) (In mammals) Paired arytenoid cartilages help support and control the vocal cords. The cricoid cartilage is single. Two additional cartilages are present that are lacking in other vertebrates: a large ventral thyroid cartilage (...) and a cartilage in the epiglottis.[well established][VHOG]" @default.
- UBERON_0001751 UBPROP_0000003 "Dentine is a bona fide vertebrate novelty, and dentine-secreting odontoblasts represent a cell type that is exclusively derived from the neural crest.[well established][VHOG]" @default.
- UBERON_0001754 UBPROP_0000003 "The oral cavity of vertebrates is generally thought to arise as an ectodermal invagination. Consistent with this, oral teeth are proposed to arise exclusively from ectoderm, contributing to tooth enamel epithelium, and from neural crest derived mesenchyme, contributing to dentin and pulp (reference 1); Teeth and tooth-like structures, together named odontodes, are repeated organs thought to share a common evolutionary origin. These structures can be found in gnathostomes at different locations along the body: oral teeth in the jaws, teeth and denticles in the oral-pharyngeal cavity, and dermal denticles on elasmobranch skin (reference 2).[uncertain][VHOG]" @default.
- UBERON_0001756 UBPROP_0000003 "The tympanic cavity and auditory tube of an amniote develop from the first embryonic pharyngeal pouch, so they are homologous to the first gill pouch, or spiracle, of a fish. We are uncertain whether this homology strictly applies to the middle ear cavity and auditory tube of lissamphibians, which show certain peculiarities in their development.[uncertain][VHOG]" @default.
- UBERON_0001757 UBPROP_0000003 "Mammals have a third type of tympanic ear. An external flap, the auricle or pinna, helps funnel sound waves down the external acoustic meatus to the tympanic membrane.[well established][VHOG]" @default.
- UBERON_0001759 UBPROP_0000003 "We conclude this section by listing some of the many synapomorphies of craniates, including (...) (5) cranial nerves (...) (reference 1); Phylogenetically, the cranial nerves are thought to have evolved from dorsal and ventral nerves of a few anterior spinal nerves that became incorporated into the braincase. Dorsal and ventral nerves fuse in the trunk but not in the head, and they produce two series: dorsal cranial nerves (V, VII, IX, and X) and ventral cranial nerves (III, IV, VI, and XIII) (reference 2).[well established][VHOG]" @default.
- UBERON_0001763 UBPROP_0000003 "Teeth and tooth-like structures, together named odontodes, are repeated organs thought to share a common evolutionary origin. These structures can be found in gnathostomes at different locations along the body: oral teeth in the jaws, teeth and denticles in the oral-pharyngeal cavity, and dermal denticles on elasmobranch skin.[uncertain][VHOG]" @default.
- UBERON_0001769 UBPROP_0000003 "The eye of the adult lamprey is remarkably similar to our own, and it possesses numerous features (including the expression of opsin genes) that are very similar to those of the eyes of jawed vertebrates. The lamprey's camera-like eye has a lens, an iris and extra-ocular muscles (five of them, unlike the eyes of jawed vertebrates, which have six), although it lacks intra-ocular muscles. Its retina also has a structure very similar to that of the retinas of other vertebrates, with three nuclear layers comprised of the cell bodies of photoreceptors and bipolar, horizontal, amacrine and ganglion cells. The southern hemisphere lamprey, Geotria australis, possesses five morphological classes of retinal photoreceptor and five classes of opsin, each of which is closely related to the opsins of jawed vertebrates. Given these similarities, we reach the inescapable conclusion that the last common ancestor of jawless and jawed vertebrates already possessed an eye that was comparable to that of extant lampreys and gnathostomes. Accordingly, a vertebrate camera-like eye must have been present by the time that lampreys and gnathostomes diverged, around 500 Mya.[well established][VHOG]" @default.