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- W2073436302 abstract "<em>Tityus serrulatus</em> scorpion venom (TSV) consists of a very complex mixture of molecules and demonstrates significant immunomodulatory activities capable of stimulating immune functions in vivo. The purpose of this study was to compare the crude TSV with fractionated toxins extracted from this venom in order to determine which toxin(s) presented immunomodulatory effects on peritoneal macrophages. TSV was fractionated using gel filtration chromatography resulting in 5 heterogeneous fractions. The effects of these different fractions were analysed in vitro using detection by means of cytokines, oxygen intermediate metabolites (<mml:math alttext=$H_{2}O_{2}$ xmlns:mml=http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML><mml:msub><mml:mtext>H</mml:mtext><mml:mtext>2</mml:mtext></mml:msub><mml:msub><mml:mtext>O</mml:mtext><mml:mtext>2</mml:mtext></mml:msub></mml:math>), and nitric oxide (<mml:math alttext=NO xmlns:mml=http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML><mml:mtext>NO</mml:mtext></mml:math>) in supernatants of peritoneal macrophages. Several functional bioassays were employed: tumor necrosis factor (TNF) activity was assayed by measuring its cytotoxic activity in L929 cells, and other cytokines were assayed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, whereas <mml:math alttext=NO xmlns:mml=http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML><mml:mtext>NO</mml:mtext></mml:math> levels were detected by Griess colorimetric reactions in culture supernatant of macrophages exposed to different fractions. In vitro studies revealed that all fractions studied here presented an increment in <mml:math alttext=$H_{2}O_{2}$ xmlns:mml=http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML><mml:msub><mml:mtext>H</mml:mtext><mml:mtext>2</mml:mtext></mml:msub><mml:msub><mml:mtext>O</mml:mtext><mml:mtext>2</mml:mtext></mml:msub></mml:math>, <mml:math alttext=NO xmlns:mml=http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML><mml:mtext>NO</mml:mtext></mml:math>, and cytokines levels. The more pronounced increments were observed in macrophage cultures exposed to fraction FII which demonstrated that (a) the highest levels of IL-1<mml:math alttext=$alpha$ xmlns:mml=http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML><mml:mi>α</mml:mi></mml:math>, IL-<mml:math alttext=$beta$ xmlns:mml=http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML><mml:mi>β</mml:mi></mml:math>, and TNF were observed after 12 hours and that (b) the maximum levels of IFN-<mml:math alttext=$gamma$ xmlns:mml=http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML><mml:mi>γ</mml:mi></mml:math> and <mml:math alttext=NO xmlns:mml=http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML><mml:mtext>NO</mml:mtext></mml:math> were observed after 72 hours. Taken together, these data indicate that fractions have a differential immunomodulating effect on macrophage secretion, and that FII is a potent activator of TNF production of macrophages." @default.
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- W2073436302 date "2005-01-01" @default.
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- W2073436302 title "Immunomodulatory Effects of the Tityus serrulatus Venom on Murine Macrophage Functions in Vitro" @default.
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- W2073436302 doi "https://doi.org/10.1155/mi.2005.39" @default.
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