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• W4234082410 abstract "Abstract During the past 40 years a number of large industrial and medical applications of membrane technology have been developed. Several tens of millions square meters of membrane are produced each year, and the total industry sales have grown to $2–3 billion in sales per year. Most of this industry is focused on the use of membranes as selective barriers for various separation processes. In some processes (microfiltration, ultrafiltration, dialysis), permeating species cross the membrane through tiny pores that block large solutes but allow others to permeate freely. In other processes (reverse osmosis, gas separation, pervaporation), the membrane pores are so small, about 5–10 Å in diameter, that they are within the range of thermal motions of the polymer chains that form the membrane materials. Separation then occurs because of differences in the solubility and mobility of the permeating solutes in the membrane material. Early membranes were isotropic structures with uniform properties across the entire membrane, but now most membranes have an anisotropic structure consisting of a thin, dense selective layer, typically 0.1–2 μm thick, supported on a much more open, permeable layer (50–500 μm thick). This support layer provides sufficient mechanical strength to allow the membrane to be handled. By making the selective layer very thin, high permeation rates can be obtained. Even so industry processes often require very large membrane areas to perform the separation required; therefore, the technology to pack 10–100 m 2 of membrane in compact membrane modules of various designs has been developed. The techniques used to prepare membranes and membrane modules are described in this review." @default.
• W4234082410 created "2022-05-12" @default.
• W4234082410 creator A5061614430 @default.
• W4234082410 date "2001-10-22" @default.
• W4234082410 modified "2023-10-14" @default.
• W4234082410 title "Membrane Technology" @default.
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• W4234082410 doi "https://doi.org/10.1002/0471440264.pst194" @default.
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