Matches in Ubergraph for { ?s <http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBPROP_0000008> ?o ?g. }
- UBERON_0002336 UBPROP_0000008 "The corpus callosum is found only in placental mammals. other groups do have other brain structures that allow for communication between the two hemispheres, such as the anterior commissure, which serves as the primary mode of interhemispheric communication in marsupials." @default.
- UBERON_0002347 UBPROP_0000008 "Thoracic vertebrae in all species are defined as those vertebrae which also carry a pair of ribs, and lie caudal to the cervical vertebrae. In humans, they are distinguished by the presence of facets on the sides of the bodies for articulation with the heads of the ribs, and facets on the transverse processes of all, except the eleventh and twelfth, for articulation with the tubercles of the ribs" @default.
- UBERON_0002360 UBPROP_0000008 "Whereas cyclostomes and fishes only have a single envelope called the primitive meninx, amphibians have two layers, consisting of an outer dura mater which is extremely dense and protective, and a pia-arachnoid or secondary meninx which is more delicate and vascular. Mammals have three meninges: pia mater (which follows all the convolutions of the brain and is the most interior), the arachnoid layer (which is delicate and sends strands to the pia mater), and the dura mater (the outer, more protective meninx)." @default.
- UBERON_0002369 UBPROP_0000008 "The origin of the adrenal gland is still controversial. It is thought to share the same origin as the kidney and gonads, derived from coelomic epithelium of the urogenital ridge and/or the underlying mesenchyme (Keegan and Hammer, 2002; Morohashi, 1997). We follow Kardong and state homology at the level of the cortex and medulla rather than gland as a whole" @default.
- UBERON_0002382 UBPROP_0000008 "While the 'sixpack' is by far the most common configuration of the muscle bellies of the rectus, there exist rare anatomic variations which result in the appearance of eight ('eightpack'), ten, or-even rarer-asymmetrically arranged segments. All these variations are functionally equivalent" @default.
- UBERON_0002390 UBPROP_0000008 "In humans this is primarily the bone marrow, spleen, tonsils, and lymph nodes" @default.
- UBERON_0002395 UBPROP_0000008 "The talus is apparently derived from the fusion of three separate bones in the feet of primitive amphibians; the tibiale, articulating with tibia, the intermedium, between the bases of the tibia and fibula, and the fourth centrale, lying in the mid-part of the tarsus. These bones are still partially separate in modern amphibians, which therefore do not have a true talus. The talus forms a considerably more flexible joint in mammals than it does in reptiles. This reaches its greatest extent in artiodactyls, where the distal surface of the bone has a smooth keel to allow greater freedom of movement of the foot, and thus increase running speed" @default.
- UBERON_0002413 UBPROP_0000008 "In some species, some parts of the skull may be composed of vertebra-like elements, e.g. the occipital bone in humans is composed of four vertebra-like segments. In many vertebrate species, cervical vertebrae are variable in number; however, almost all mammals have seven (including those with very short necks relative to body size, such as elephants or whales, and those with very long necks, such as giraffes). The few exceptions include the manatee and the sloths, of which the two-toed sloth has six cervical vertebrae and the three-toed sloth has up to nine cervical vertebrae. In many species, though not in mammals, the cervical vertebrae bear ribs. In many other groups, such as lizards and saurischian dinosaurs, the cervical ribs are large; in birds they are small and completely fused to the vertebrae. The transverse processes of mammals are homologous to the cervical ribs of other amniotes. Thoracic vertebrae in all species are defined as those vertebrae which also carry a pair of ribs, and lie caudal to the cervical vertebrae. In humans, cervical vertebrae are the smallest of the true vertebrae, and can be readily distinguished from those of the thoracic or lumbar regions by the presence of a foramen (hole) in each transverse process, through which passes the vertebral artery." @default.
- UBERON_0002414 UBPROP_0000008 "Whereas all rats had six lumbar vertebrae, variable patterns in mice included mostly five vertebrae in DBA/2J, mostly six vertebrae in C57BL/6J, and a mix in B6129PF2/J" @default.
- UBERON_0002448 UBPROP_0000008 "In the mouse, Fungiform and palatal taste buds are innervated by the geniculate ganglion cells of the facial nerve[DOI:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.5142-05.2006]" @default.
- UBERON_0002465 UBPROP_0000008 "The lymphatic system of anuran amphibians is characterized by large lymphatic sacs and two pairs of lymph hearts that return lymph into the venous circulation but no lymph vessels per se [10.1152/japplphysiol.00201.2013]" @default.
- UBERON_0002465 UBPROP_0000008 "The lymphatic systems of reptiles and some birds have lymph hearts, and both groups have extensive lymph vessels, but their functional role in both lymph movement and plasma volume homeostasis is almost completely unknown [10.1152/japplphysiol.00201.2013]" @default.
- UBERON_0002490 UBPROP_0000008 "in humans, the frontal suture is a dense connective tissue structure that divides the two halves of the frontal bone of the skull in infants and children. It usually disappears by the age of six, with the two halves of the frontal bone being fused together. If it does not disappear it may be called a 'metopic suture' or 'sutura frontalis persistens. ' If the suture is not present at birth (craniosynostosis) it will cause a keel-shaped deformity of the skull called 'trigonocephaly. ' It is present in a fetal skull so that the skull can bend and is very elastic at the time of birth. The baby's head literally bends when coming out of the mother's womb. The space is filled as the child grows older. [WP,unvetted]" @default.
- UBERON_0002498 UBPROP_0000008 "In basal Tetrapodomorph lineages often the deltoid process and the pectoral processes are separate and thus should not be made exact synonyms to the deltopectoral crest.[PHENOSCAPE:ad]" @default.
- UBERON_0002500 UBPROP_0000008 "The zygomatic arch is significant in evolutionary biology, as it is part of the structures derived from the ancestral single temporal fenestra of the synapsid ancestor of mammals." @default.
- UBERON_0002512 UBPROP_0000008 "maintains the endometrium in mammals[WP]. A corpus luteum is known in hagfish (100), Squalus (101), and salamander (100) but not lamprey (102). There are no data for Branchiostoma and Ciona, and given that they are multiple spawners, there is no a priori reason to conclude that they lack a corpus luteum" @default.
- UBERON_0002546 UBPROP_0000008 "Comparisons of developmental gene expression suggest that the anterior ectoderm in amphioxus may be homologous to the vertebrate olfactory placode, the only vertebrate placode with primary, not secondary, neurons" @default.
- UBERON_0002555 UBPROP_0000008 "In humans it contains the following nuclei: dorsal nucleus [TA] (nucleus dorsalis hypothalami [TA]), parts of the dorsomedial nucleus [TA] (nucleus dorsomedialis [TA]), arcuate nucleus [TA] (nucleus arcuatus [TA]), posterior periventricular nucleus [TA] (nucleus periventricularis posterior [TA]), retrochiasmatic area [TA] (area retrochiasmatica [TA]), lateral tuberal nuclei [TA] (nuclei tuberales laterales [TA]), and ventromedial nucleus [TA] (nucleus ventromedialis hypothalami" @default.
- UBERON_0002613 UBPROP_0000008 "It is recognized in human cerebellum but is not distinguishable in all mammalian species" @default.
- UBERON_0002613 UBPROP_0000008 "it is recognized in human cerebellum but is not distinguishable in all mammalian species[MP]" @default.
- UBERON_0002728 UBPROP_0000008 "In primates it is found on the medial surface of the temporal lobe, partially bounded ventrolaterally by the collateral sulcus in the human and by the rhinal sulcus in the macaque. It is subdivided on the basis of internal structure into eight parts in the human ( Insausti-2004 ),and seven parts in the macaque ( Paxinos-2009a ). In the rat and mouse it is divided into a lateral part of the entorhinal area and a medial part of the entorhinal area; the latter is further divided into dorsal and ventral zones to produce three subdivisions in the rodent ( Swanson-2004 )" @default.
- UBERON_0002905 UBPROP_0000008 "It is not found in the macaque or in the smooth cerebral cortex of the rat or mouse ( NeuroNames )" @default.
- UBERON_0002954 UBPROP_0000008 "In humans it contains the following nuclei: portions of the dorsomedial nucleus [TA] (nucleus dorsomedialis [TA]), endopeduncular nucleus [TA]) (nucleus endopeduncularis [TA]), and portions of the nucleus of the ansa lenticularis (nucleus ansae lenticularis" @default.
- UBERON_0002974 UBPROP_0000008 "Compare with ZFA:0000636 - cerebellar crest, which is also composed of parallel fibers but located in a more restricted nucleus within the cerebellum" @default.
- UBERON_0003049 UBPROP_0000008 "currently restricted to nematodes, but this may be too strict" @default.
- UBERON_0003055 UBPROP_0000008 "In mice, the first non-basal layer formed at ~E9.5; it is a temporary structure composed of simple squamous epithelium that serves as the first barrier to the embryo's physical environment, exists throughout the entire keratinocyte stratification process, and sheds off at ~E17, when it is replaced by corneocytes[MP]" @default.
- UBERON_0003091 UBPROP_0000008 "In all vertebrates the thyroid arises from the ventral aspect of the second pouch" @default.
- UBERON_0003092 UBPROP_0000008 "In humans, the ultimobranchial body is an embryological structure that gives rise to the calcitonin-producing cells - also called parafollicular cells or clear cells - of the thyroid gland. In humans, this body is a derivative of the ventral recess of the fourth pharyngeal pouch (or fifth)" @default.
- UBERON_0003092 UBPROP_0000008 "The ultimobranchial bodies of lower vertebrates contain large amounts of calcitonin. In mammals the bodies fuse with the thyroid gland and are thought to develop into the parafollicular cells. (Stedman, 25th ed)" @default.
- UBERON_0003106 UBPROP_0000008 "In zebrafish, it is composed of preural vertebra 1 and ural centra 1 and 2. The number of ural centra that become fused with preural centrum 1 varies among teleost subgroups. Because of varying developmental origins the urostyle may not be homologous across species." @default.
- UBERON_0003107 UBPROP_0000008 "functional lower jaw of Elasmobranchii and Holocephali, the embryonic lower jaw of other gnathostomous vertebrates" @default.
- UBERON_0003116 UBPROP_0000008 "A fifth arch never establishes itself in amniotes" @default.
- UBERON_0003118 UBPROP_0000008 "Disappears early in development in tetrapods" @default.
- UBERON_0003122 UBPROP_0000008 "In humans the 5th arch disappears on both sides" @default.
- UBERON_0003124 UBPROP_0000008 "The chorion of placentals is bilaminar as in reptiles and birds, but forms from the trophoblast and includes the ajdacent mesodermal layer [ISBN:0073040584]" @default.
- UBERON_0003126 UBPROP_0000008 "In birds, the trachea runs from the pharynx to the syrinx, from which the primary bronchi diverge. Swans have an unusually elongated trachea, part of which is coiled beneath the sternum; this may act as a resonator to amplify sound. In some birds, the cartilagenous rings are complete, and may even be ossified. In amphibians, the trachea is normally extremely short, and leads directly into the lungs, without clear primary bronchi. A longer trachea is, however found in some long-necked salamanders, and in caecilians. While there are irregular cartilagenous nodules on the amphibian trachea, these do not form the rings found in amniotes. The only vertebrate to have lungs, but no trachea, is Polypterus, in which the lungs arise directly from the pharynx." @default.
- UBERON_0003126 UBPROP_0000008 "in mouse 15-18 C-rings, 15-20 in human." @default.
- UBERON_0003131 UBPROP_0000008 "homology of leg segments between groups are difficult to prove and are the source of much argument. Some authors posit up to eleven segments per leg for the most recent common ancestor of extant arthropods, but modern arthropods have eight or fewer." @default.
- UBERON_0003221 UBPROP_0000008 "In primates such as humans and monkeys, the thumb and big toe have two phalanges, while the other fingers and toes consist of three" @default.
- UBERON_0003488 UBPROP_0000008 "Female mice normally have five pairs of nipples and mammary glands, three in the thoracic and two in the abdominal region. (There is an additional abdominal pair in female rats.) http://www.informatics.jax.org/greenbook/chapters/chapter13.shtml" @default.
- UBERON_0003604 UBPROP_0000008 "in mammals the rings are incomplete, in avians the rings are complete." @default.
- UBERON_0003622 UBPROP_0000008 "Anurans lack manual digit 1, so manual digit 2 is the digit after the prepollex (Phenotype RCN Oct 2012)" @default.
- UBERON_0003622 UBPROP_0000008 "This class represents the standard tetrapod configuration. Wagner proposes that avian digits I,II,III develop from C2,C3,C4. To support this scheme we have separate classes representing the avian digits (here called alula, manual digit, major digit)." @default.
- UBERON_0003623 UBPROP_0000008 "This class represents the standard tetrapod configuration. Wagner proposes that avian digits I,II,III develop from C2,C3,C4. To support this scheme we have separate classes representing the avian digits (here called alula, manual digit, major digit)." @default.
- UBERON_0003655 UBPROP_0000008 "Adult humans have twelve molars, in four groups of three at the back of the mouth. The third, rearmost molar in each group is called a wisdom tooth. It is the last tooth to appear, breaking through the surface of the gum at about the age of twenty, although this varies from individual to individual. Ethnicity can also have an impact on the age at which this occurs, with statistical variations between groups. The human mouth contains upper (maxillary) and lower (mandibular) molars. They are: maxillary first molar, maxillary second molar, maxillary third molar, mandibular first molar, mandibular second molar, and mandibular third molar." @default.
- UBERON_0003656 UBPROP_0000008 "The carpus (wrist) and tarsus (ankle) of land vertebrates primitively had three rows of carpal or tarsal bones. Often some of these have become lost or fused in evolution. Three proximals. In the hand humans has all three. In the foot the middle proximal appears in 5-15% of people as an os trigonum. Centrale or os centrale, on the medial side. In humans and our closest relatives the African apes (chimpanzees and gorillas) it fuses to the scaphoid where it forms the articulation with the trapezoid bone; occasionally it stays separate. In Man's foot it is the navicular. Some early land vertebrates had more than one (up to three) os centrale per hand or foot. Distals, one per finger / toe at the base of each metacarpal or metatarsal. In mammals the 4th and 5th fuse. In the horse the 1st is lost" @default.
- UBERON_0003674 UBPROP_0000008 "Most species that develop them normally have four per individual, two in the upper jaw and two in the lower, separated within each jaw by its incisors; humans and dogs are examples. In most animals, canines are the anterior-most teeth in the maxillary bone. The four canines in humans are the two maxillary canines and the two mandibular canines." @default.
- UBERON_0003691 UBPROP_0000008 "In humans the epidural space contains lymphatics, spinal nerve roots, loose fatty tissue, small arteries, and a network of large, thin-walled blood vessels called the epidural venous plexus" @default.
- UBERON_0003699 UBPROP_0000008 "In birds, the pubic symphysis is present only in the ostrich, and the two hip bones are usually widely separated, making it easier to lay large eggs - Romer, Alfred Sherwood; Parsons, Thomas S. (1977). The Vertebrate Body. Philadelphia, PA: Holt-Saunders International. pp. 188-192. ISBN 0-03-910284-X." @default.
- UBERON_0003701 UBPROP_0000008 "reduced in non-human primates" @default.
- UBERON_0003702 UBPROP_0000008 "In most mammals the canal remains open, and the testis can pass from the scrotum to the abdominal cavity. In humans the canal closes after testicular descent[DOI:10.1046/j.1469-7580.2002.00087.x]" @default.
- UBERON_0003702 UBPROP_0000008 "In tammar wallabies, closes between days 50 and 60 pp[DOI:10.1046/j.1469-7580.2002.00087.x]" @default.
- UBERON_0003709 UBPROP_0000008 "In zebrafish, the circle of vessels comprised of the basal communicating artery (BCA) and posterior communicating segments (PCS) superficially resemble but are not homologous to the human circle of Willis" @default.
- UBERON_0003710 UBPROP_0000008 "The aorta of swine contains a vaso vasorum like humans - http://www.nal.usda.gov/awic/pubs/swine/swine.htm#art" @default.
- UBERON_0003719 UBPROP_0000008 "may also be present in the mesentery of cats, in pancreas, in lymph nodes [ISBN:9780849388118]" @default.
- UBERON_0003861 UBPROP_0000008 "tiny neural arches present in Hagfish (which lack a true vertebraal column)." @default.
- UBERON_0003889 UBPROP_0000008 "Homologous to appendix testis" @default.
- UBERON_0003910 UBPROP_0000008 "Whereas man and the rat are in the 'sinusal' group, the mouse belongs in the 'nonsinusal' group. The red pulp of spleens of rat, dog, man, and many other mammals contains an elaborate plexus of sinuses; that of mouse, cat, pig and others has no true sinuses and relatively few veins leading from the meshes into collecting veins - http://www.informatics.jax.org/greenbook/chapters/chapter13.shtml" @default.
- UBERON_0003929 UBPROP_0000008 "" @default.
- UBERON_0003946 UBPROP_0000008 "Mouse-human differences: The mouse and human placentas have labyrinthine and villous types of interdigitation between maternal and fetal tissues, respectively ... The mouse placental labyrinth is composed of an intricate network of maternal blood spaces and embryonal blood vessels. Maternal and embryonal blood is separated by a placental barrier that consists of four cellular layers: layer I trophoblasts line the maternal lacunae, trophoblasts in layers II and III form syncytial-like layers, and endothelial cells line the embryonic vessels[DOI: 10.1073/pnas.96.14.8138 ]" @default.
- UBERON_0003983 UBPROP_0000008 "Kardong says absent in adult tetrapods, check AAO" @default.
- UBERON_0003984 UBPROP_0000008 "In mammals, the uterine tube infundibulum is part of the fallopian tube. In birds, where there is no fallopian tube, the uterine tube infundibulum is part of the oviduct." @default.
- UBERON_0003997 UBPROP_0000008 "In humans, the greater cornua are the larger, more lateral projections from the left and right borders of the body of hyoid bone. They are in contrast to the lesser cornua, which also occur in pairs but are comparatively smaller and conical in shape. The greater cornua are derived from the third pharyngeal arches." @default.
- UBERON_0004017 UBPROP_0000008 "Periocular mesenchyme (PM) is a mesencephalic neural crest derived cell population which as a result of an interaction with the retinal pigment epithelium forms the scleral cartilage of the avian eye" @default.
- UBERON_0004021 UBPROP_0000008 "restriction to Rodentia may be too strong - we apply it for now as we are inheriting the MP definition" @default.
- UBERON_0004070 UBPROP_0000008 "in humans, vermis lobule regions may be nearly continuous with the cerebellar hemisphere lobules dorsally but are separated by deeper longitudinal fissues in the ventral regions; in mammals, the vermis portion of the cerebellum has a foliation pattern along the AP axis that is distinct from the lateral cerebellar hemispheres" @default.
- UBERON_0004081 UBPROP_0000008 "comment: In rodents, vermis lobule VII is a single structure. In humans, it is cleft by the horizontal fissure into distinct folium (VIIa) and tuber (VIIb) lobules.[MP]" @default.
- UBERON_0004145 UBPROP_0000008 "Depending on the species, attached at the cardiac outflow are described the conus arteriosus, the truncus arteriosus and, or the bulbus arteriosus. At the distal limit of these outflow structures, but lying outside the pericardial cavity, is the ventral aorta[PMID:20735616]" @default.
- UBERON_0004152 UBPROP_0000008 "replaces conus arteriosis in cartilaginous fish" @default.
- UBERON_0004160 UBPROP_0000008 "Proepicardial clusters in Zebrafish form on the pericardial wall, adjacent to the atrioventricular (AV) junction and near the venous pole[ZFA]" @default.
- UBERON_0004164 UBPROP_0000008 "It has been hypothesized that Haikouella must have been powered by branchiomeric muscles, as in living craniates, rather than by water moving through the pharynx via ciliary currents, as in lancelets[http://icb.oxfordjournals.org/content/42/4/743.full]" @default.
- UBERON_0004182 UBPROP_0000008 "in female mouse embryos, the primary mammary cord (aka 'mammary sprout') is formed between E15.5 and E16.5; once the primary cord reaches the adipocytes of the fat pad (around E16), it begins to branch in a characteristic dichotomous fashion to form the initial ductal tree" @default.
- UBERON_0004187 UBPROP_0000008 "In mouse the HG appears in the posterior part of eye region, in the form of nonluminated tubules between the sixteenth and eighteenth days of gestation. At birth it is still not differentiated histologically. In birds the HG originates from the conjunctival epithelium at a late embryonic stage. In the English sparrow, Passer domesticus (incubation period of about 13 days), it appears between the seventh and the eighth days of incubation. In the chick embryo (incubation period of about 21 days) it originates between the eleventh and the twelfth days.[PMID:9156609]" @default.
- UBERON_0004187 UBPROP_0000008 "In the limbless, burrowing amphibian Apoda (Caecilians) the harderian gland is very large, filling much of the orbit and lubricating a retractile sensory tentacle rather than the eye (Walls, 1942; Wolff, 1948)." @default.
- UBERON_0004300 UBPROP_0000008 "In human anatomy, the distal phalanges of the four fingers and toes articulate proximally with the intermediate phalanges at the distal interphalangeal joints (DIP); in the thumb and big toe, with only two phalanges, the distal phalanges articulate proximally with the proximal phalanges. The distal phalanges carry and shape nails and claws and are therefore occasionally referred to as the ungual phalanges. The distal phalanges are cone-shaped in most mammals, including most primates, but relatively wide and flat in humans." @default.
- UBERON_0004301 UBPROP_0000008 "Intermediate phalanges are bones found in the limbs of most vertebrates. In humans, they are the bones of the finger and toe which lie in the middle, between the two wrinkly joints. The thumb and big toe do not have intermediate phalanges. In most other vertebrates, they have a corresponding place in their limbs, whether they be paw, wing, hoof or fin" @default.
- UBERON_0004301 UBPROP_0000008 "in some groups such as whales, there are multiple intermediate phalanges" @default.
- UBERON_0004302 UBPROP_0000008 "Proximal phalanges are bones found in the limbs of most vertebrates. In humans, they are the bones at the base of a toe or finger, the prominent, knobby ends of which are often called the knuckles. In other vertebrates, proximal phalanges have a similar placement in the corresponding limbs, be they paw, wing or fin. In many species, they are the longest and thickest phalanx ('finger' bone)" @default.
- UBERON_0004337 UBPROP_0000008 "The human pollical distal phalanx (PDP) has a pronounced insertion for the flexor pollicis longus (asymmetric towards the radial side), an ungual fossa, and a pair of dissymmetric ungual spines (the ulnar being more prominent). This asymmetry is necessary to ensure that the thumb pulp is always facing the pulps of the other digits, an osteological configuration which provides the maximum contact surface with held objects." @default.
- UBERON_0004356 UBPROP_0000008 "The AER of tetrapods regresses after specification of skeletal progenitors, the AER of teleosts form an elongating fin fold" @default.
- UBERON_0004363 UBPROP_0000008 "Number varies - Lampreys have 8, hagfishes 15; only up to 6 appear in embryonic development in most gnathostome fishes and all tetrapods" @default.
- UBERON_0004370 UBPROP_0000008 "Compared to terrestial animals, the cornea of zebrafish is relatively flat. It consists of nonpigmented, stratified squamous nonkeratinizing epithelial cells, attached to a thick basement membrane that is considered to be analogous to the Bowman's membrane in mammals" @default.
- UBERON_0004451 UBPROP_0000008 "In humans, there are 24 presacral vertebrae (7 cervical, 12 thoracic, and 5 lumbar)" @default.
- UBERON_0004462 UBPROP_0000008 "define generically to encompass both vertebrates and invertebrates" @default.
- UBERON_0004527 UBPROP_0000008 "In humans, the tooth-bearing bones are the maxilla and the mandible. The mineral content of alveolar bone is mostly hydroxyapatite, which is also found in enamel as the main inorganic substance" @default.
- UBERON_0004609 UBPROP_0000008 "May sometimes be a floating rib in humans" @default.
- UBERON_0004637 UBPROP_0000008 "in elasmobranchs, it remains cartilaginous in the adult; in the embryos of higher vertebrates, it is cartilaginous at first but later becomes bony (at approximately 23 weeks in humans)" @default.
- UBERON_0004707 UBPROP_0000008 "Corresponds to E7-E11 in Mouse (Galis et al, TREE, 2001)" @default.
- UBERON_0004720 UBPROP_0000008 "In bony fish, or teleosts, it has been proposed that the cerebellar auricles, which receive a large amount of input from the vestibulolateral line system, constitute the vestibulocerebellum and are homologues of the flocculonodular lobe of higher vertebrates along with the corpus cerebelli, which receives spinocerebellar and tectocerebellar fibers. The labyrinth and the lateral line organs of lampreys have structural and functional similarity. An important difference between the two structures is that the arrangement of the lateral line organs are such that they are sensitive to relative motion of the fluid surrounding the animal, whereas the labyrinths, having very similar sensing mechanisms, are sensitive to endolymph, providing information concerning the animal's own equilibrium of the body and orientation in space" @default.
- UBERON_0004725 UBPROP_0000008 "Piriform cortical regions are present in the brains of amphibians, reptiles and mammals. The piriform cortex is among three areas that emerge in the telencephalon of amphibians, situated caudally to a dorsal area, which is caudal to a hippocampal area. Farther along the phylogenic timeline, the telencephalic bulb of reptiles as viewed in a cross section of the transverse plane extends with the archipallial hippocampus folding toward the midline and down as the dorsal area begins to form a recognizable cortex. As mammalian cerebrums developed, volume of the dorsal cortex increased in slightly greater proportion, as compared proportionally with increased overall brain volume, until it enveloped the hippocampal regions. Recognized as neopallium or neocortex, enlarged dorsal areas envelop the paleopallial piriform cortex in humans and Old World monkeys. Among taxonomic groupings of mammals, the piriform cortex and the olfactory bulb become proportionally smaller in the brains of phylogenically younger species. The piriform cortex occupies a greater proportion of the overall brain and of the telencephalic brains of insectivores than in primates. The piriform cortex continues to occupy a consistent albeit small and declining proportion of the increasingly large telencephalon in the most recent primate species while the volume of the olfactory bulb becomes less in proportion" @default.
- UBERON_0004741 UBPROP_0000008 "Found in some early members of Chelonia (e.g. Triassochelys), but missing in all later forms." @default.
- UBERON_0004742 UBPROP_0000008 "In lobe-finned fishes and the early fossil tetrapods, the bone homologous to the mandible of mammals is merely the largest of several bones in the lower jaw. In such animals, it is referred to as the dentary bone, and forms the body of the outer surface of the jaw. It is bordered below by a number of splenial bones, while the angle of the jaw is formed by a lower angular bone and a suprangular bone just above it. The inner surface of the jaw is lined by a prearticular bone, while the articular bone forms the articulation with the skull proper. Finally a set of three narrow coronoid bones lie above the prearticular bone. As the name implies, the majority of the teeth are attached to the dentary, but there are commonly also teeth on the coronoid bones, and sometimes on the prearticular as well. This complex primitive pattern has, however, been simplified to various degrees in the great majority of vertebrates, as bones have either fused or vanished entirely. In teleosts, only the dentary, articular, and angular bones remain, while in living amphibians, the dentary is accompanied only by the prearticular, and, in salamanders, one of the coronoids. The lower jaw of reptiles has only a single coronoid and splenial, but retains all the other primitive bones except the prearticular." @default.
- UBERON_0004743 UBPROP_0000008 "In Theria, coracoid bones non-existent or fused with the shoulder blades to form coracoid processes[WP]. Procoracoid+coracoid are homologuous with coracoid of teleostomi. The coracoid is a triangular shaped-bone that usually has an anteriorly directed long process that may joins its counterpart in some fish groups. It may be perforated by the coracoid foramen or it may be notched dorsally and forms the scapulo-coracoid foramen together with a similar notch of the ventral margin of the scapula" @default.
- UBERON_0004747 UBPROP_0000008 "See Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution, Fourth Edition (2006) McGraw-Hill, p.237 Table 7.1; usually forming a part of the occipital in the adult, but distinct in the young" @default.
- UBERON_0004758 UBPROP_0000008 "In sharks, salt glands are found in the rectum, but in birds and reptiles, they are found in or on the skull, in the area of the eyes, nostrils or mouth. In crocodiles, the salt is excreted through the tongue. Such glands work by active transport via sodium-potassium pump that moves salt from the blood into the gland, where it can be excreted as a concentrated solution. Salt glands function to keep salt balance, and allow marine vertebrates to drink seawater" @default.
- UBERON_0004771 UBPROP_0000008 "Fish don't have choanae, instead they have two pairs of external nostrils" @default.
- UBERON_0004771 UBPROP_0000008 "In addition to tetrapods, the lungfish has internal nostrils too. In tetrapods the exhalant nostril (choana) empties into the buccal cavity." @default.
- UBERON_0004772 UBPROP_0000008 "In most taxa (birds, mammals, lizards), the tarsal plate is described as a dense, fibrous connective tissue, possibly including cartilage, present within one or both of the upper and lower eyelids (Gau- thier et al., 1988; Rieppel, 2000). In humans, the tarsal plate of the upper eyelid is composed of collagens types I, III, and V, as well as glycosaminogly- cans (chondroitin sulphate 4 and 6), aggrecan, and cartilage oligomeric matrix proteins but lacks collagen type II as well as chondrocytes (Milz et al., 2005). Thus, for humans, the upper tarsal plate represents neither a truly fibrous nor a truly cartilagi- nous element but instead one that is composed of a unique transitional tissue (Milz et al., 2005). In many birds, lizards, and Sphenodon (the tuatara), the upper eyelid has lim- ited mobility and a putative tarsal plate is instead found within the lower eyelid (Underwood, 1970; Gau- thier et al., 1988)." @default.
- UBERON_0004796 UBPROP_0000008 "Prostatic secretions vary among species. They are generally composed of simple sugars and are often slightly alkaline." @default.
- UBERON_0004811 UBPROP_0000008 "In rodents and primates, the uterine epithelium (the endometrium) is eroded away so that maternal blood comes into direct contact with the trophoblast surface (called haemochorial)" @default.