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Ubergraph

Matches in Ubergraph for { ?s <http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBPROP_0000008> ?o ?g. }

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UBERON_0000003 UBPROP_0000008 "in actinopterygians, both pairs of nares are external. In tetrapods, the exhalant empties into the buccal cavity" @default.
UBERON_0000004 UBPROP_0000008 "the structure of the nose varies across vertebrates. In tetrapods the nose is part of the respiratory system.[PMID:25312359]" @default.
UBERON_0000006 UBPROP_0000008 "A primitive exocrine pancreas can be found in holocephalan cartilaginous fish; a pancreatic duct directly ending in the gut lumen is connected to a glandular structure made of exocrine cells and associated with cell islets, which comprises three different hormone-producing cell types: insulin, somatostatin and glucagon (Yui and Fujita, 1986)" @default.
UBERON_0000007 UBPROP_0000008 "The lamprey possesses a distinct pituitary organ and hormones, the ascidian does not show distinct evidence of them [Sower S, Freamat M, Kavanaugh S. The origins of the vertebrate hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) and hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid (HPT) endocrine systems: new insights from lampreys. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2009;161:20-9]" @default.
UBERON_0000016 UBPROP_0000008 "endocrine and exocrine pancreas are not co-associated in hagfishes or lampreys" @default.
UBERON_0000018 UBPROP_0000008 "The term compound eye is sometimes used for the multi-unit eyes of annelids, bivalves, echinoderms. We follow Richter et al and restrict this class to the arthropod structure for these structures" @default.
UBERON_0000022 UBPROP_0000008 "Among the characteristics that distinguish the extant Aves from other living groups. Feathers have also been noticed in those Theropoda which have been termed feathered dinosaurs. Although feathers cover most parts of the body of birds, they arise only from certain well-defined tracts on the skin. They aid in flight, thermal insulation, waterproofing and coloration that helps in communication and protection" @default.
UBERON_0000023 UBPROP_0000008 "This class is not monophyletic. See also: GO:0007629" @default.
UBERON_0000026 UBPROP_0000008 "this is currently a subtype of organism subdivision - which would exclude feathers" @default.
UBERON_0000038 UBPROP_0000008 "Generally, larger species such as ovine, equine, porcine, human, and bovine have larger follicles, with the fluid comprising a substantial proportion of the volume of the follicles at ovulation (estimated at >95% in bovine [3]). Smaller species such as rats and mice have smaller follicles with fractionally less follicular fluid[20164441]" @default.
UBERON_0000040 UBPROP_0000008 "Found in elasmobranchs (sharks and rays) but with some exceptions." @default.
UBERON_0000041 UBPROP_0000008 "Scales and teeth of sharks are examples of dermal skeletal elements that are still composed of the three ancient components-enamel, dentine, and bone." @default.
UBERON_0000057 UBPROP_0000008 "In human males, the urethra travels through the penis, and carries semen as well as urine. In females, the urethra is shorter and emerges above the vaginal opening." @default.
UBERON_0000069 UBPROP_0000008 "It is a misunderstanding that the larval form always reflects the group's evolutionary history. It could be the case, but often the larval stage has evolved secondarily, as in insects. In these cases the larval form might differ more from the group's common origin than the adult form" @default.
UBERON_0000070 UBPROP_0000008 "The pupal stage is found only in holometabolous insects, those that undergo a complete metamorphosis, going through four life stages; embryo, larva, pupa and imago" @default.
UBERON_0000080 UBPROP_0000008 "In mammals, the mesonephros is the second of the three embryonic kidneys to be established and exists only transiently. In fish and amphibians, the mesonephros will form the mature kidney" @default.
UBERON_0000092 UBPROP_0000008 "In birds, the postnatal stage begins when the beak penetrates the shell (i.e., external pipping) (Brown et al. 1997)" @default.
UBERON_0000100 UBPROP_0000008 "In protostome development, the first opening in development, the blastopore, becomes the animal's mouth; In deuterostome development, the blastopore becomes the animal's anus" @default.
UBERON_0000110 UBPROP_0000008 "In zebrafish, the times of neurulation and segmentation overlap so extensively there is no distinct neurula period of development, such as occurs largely before segmentation in amphibian embryos." @default.
UBERON_0000112 UBPROP_0000008 "In mammals this would include infant (nourishment from lactation) and juvenile (prepubertal no longer dependent on mother)" @default.
UBERON_0000115 UBPROP_0000008 "A pseudostratified epithelium, containing basal cells, stem cells of the airway, submucosal glands and cartilage rings, is limited to the trachea and large lobar airways in the mouse (Morrisey and Hogan, 2010). This more complex epithelium extends to terminal bronchioles in the human[DOI:10.1242/dev.115469]" @default.
UBERON_0000160 UBPROP_0000008 "In zebrafish, No stomach, small intestine, or large intestine can be distinguished. However, differences can be found in the morphology of the mucosa columnar epithelial cells and the number of goblet cells, suggesting functional differentiation. The intestine has numerous folds that become progressively shorter in a rostral-to-caudal direction. Proportionally, these folds are significantly larger than the finger-like intestinal villi of mammals and other amniotes (Wallace et al. 2005). Columnar-shaped absorptive enterocytes are the most numerous in the zebrafish intestinal epithelium. Goblet cells are the second most populous epithelial cell type." @default.
UBERON_0000162 UBPROP_0000008 "Human beings only have an embryonic cloaca, which is split up into separate tracts during the development of the urinary and reproductive organs" @default.
UBERON_0000203 UBPROP_0000008 "In humans the cerebrum has three parts: the archipallium, the paleopallium and the neopallium. The developing telencephalon or forebrain is divided into pallium and subpallium. In amphibians, the cerebrum includes archipallium, paleopallium and some of the basal nuclei. Reptiles first developed a neopallium, which continued to develop in the brains of more recent species to become the neocortex of humans and Old World monkeys. In fish, the archipallium is the largest part of the cerebrum. Some researchers suggest the early archipallium gave rise to the human hippocampus" @default.
UBERON_0000206 UBPROP_0000008 "In bony fish, the gills are covered by a bony cover called an operculum. When a fish breathes, it opens its mouth at regular times and draws in a mouthful of water. It then draws the sides of its throat together, forcing the water through the gill openings. The water passes over the gills on the outside. Valves inside the mouth keep the water from escaping through the mouth again. The operculum can be very important in adjusting the pressure of water inside of the pharynx to allow proper ventilation of the gills. Lampreys and sharks lack an operculum, they have multiple gill openings. Also, they must use different methods to force water over the gills. In sharks and rays, this ventilation of the gills is achieved either by the use of spiracles or ram ventilation (ventilation by constantly swimming). Although some animals use this method it is much better for animals to use a spiracle because they are less susceptible to injury" @default.
UBERON_0000209 UBPROP_0000008 "fused in humans, paired in other animals" @default.
UBERON_0000210 UBPROP_0000008 "The frontal bone in teleost fish is the homolog of the parietal bone in tetrapods[various]. In many non-mammalian tetrapods, they are bordered to the rear by a pair of postparietal bones that may be solely in the roof of the skull, or slope downwards to contribute to the back of the skull, depending on the species. In the living tuatara, and many fossil species, a small opening, the parietal foramen, lies between the two parietal bones. This opening is the location of a third eye in the midline of the skull, which is much smaller than the two main eyes" @default.
UBERON_0000309 UBPROP_0000008 "defined generically to encompass both vertebrates and invertebrates" @default.
UBERON_0000310 UBPROP_0000008 "The breasts of a female primate's body contain the mammary glands, which secrete milk used to feed infants. Both men and women develop breasts from the same embryological tissues. However, at puberty female sex hormones, mainly estrogens, promote breast development, which does not happen with men. As a result women's breasts become more prominent than men's." @default.
UBERON_0000341 UBPROP_0000008 "The hyoid bone and the clavicle are the only bones located in the throat of mammals." @default.
UBERON_0000351 UBPROP_0000008 "In humans it is a tendon-like structure that has developed independently in humans and other animals well adapted for running. In some four legged animals, particularly ungulates, the nuchal ligament serves to sustain the weight of the head" @default.
UBERON_0000382 UBPROP_0000008 "In humans, apocrine sweat glands are found only in certain locations of the body: the axillae (armpits), the areola of the nipples, and the genitoanal region." @default.
UBERON_0000412 UBPROP_0000008 "In humans, at the surface of the skin in hands and feet, they appear as epidermal or papillary ridges (colloquially known as fingerprints)" @default.
UBERON_0000414 UBPROP_0000008 "In frogs and salamanders, this is the smaller of the two types of gland, the other being the granular (poison) gland. In these species the mucous gland is a cluster of cells that release secretion into a common duct[Kardong]" @default.
UBERON_0000423 UBPROP_0000008 "in mice, found only on footpads; in humans, entire body including soles and palms" @default.
UBERON_0000473 UBPROP_0000008 "The testes are descended in metatherian and eutherian mammals, first transabdominally, then inguinoscrotally" @default.
UBERON_0000926 UBPROP_0000008 "sponges do not seem to have a mesoderm and accordingly Amphimedon lacks transcription factors involved in mesoderm development (Fkh, Gsc, Twist, Snail)[http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v466/n7307/full/nature09201.html]. Mesoderm may not be homologous across verteberates" @default.
UBERON_0000930 UBPROP_0000008 "This class groups together disparate structures as all being the anterior part of the early metazoan digestive tract and precursor of the mouth. However, the developmental processes vary, so this class may be split in future. E.g. in mammals it is a rostral depression surrounded by prominences. Outgrowth of the prominences produces a stomodeal cavity." @default.
UBERON_0000934 UBPROP_0000008 "The ventral nerve cords make up the nervous system of some phyla of the invertebrates, particularly within the nematodes, annelids and the arthropods. It usually consists of cerebral ganglia anteriorly with the nerve cords running down the ventral ('belly', as opposed to back) plane of the organism. This characteristic is important in qualifying the difference compared to the chordates, which have a dorsal nerve cord. Ventral nerve cords from anterior to posterior (the thoracic and abdominal tagma in the arthropods) are made up of segmented ganglia that are connected by a tract of nerve fibers passing from one side to the other of the nerve cord called commissures. The complete system bears some likeness to a rope ladder. In some animals the bilateral ganglia are fused into a single large ganglion per segment. This characteristic is found mostly in the insects." @default.
UBERON_0000945 UBPROP_0000008 "We restrict this to the vertebrate specific structure - see the grouping class 'food storage organ' for analogous structures in other species. Teleosts: Zebrafish is functionally stomach-less, but may retain ontogenic footprint. Although the precise shape and size of the stomach varies widely among different vertebrates, the relative positions of the oesophageal and duodenal openings remain relatively constant. As a result, the organ always curves somewhat to the left before curving back to meet the pyloric sphincter. However, lampreys, hagfishes, chimaeras, lungfishes, and some teleost fish have no stomach at all, with the oesophagus opening directly into the intestine. The gastric lining is usually divided into two regions, an anterior portion lined by fundic glands, and a posterior with pyloric glands. Cardiac glands are unique to mammals, and even then are absent in a number of species. The distributions of these glands vary between species, and do not always correspond with the same regions as in man. Furthermore, in many non-human mammals, a portion of the stomach anterior to the cardiac glands is lined with epithelium essentially identical to that of the oesophagus. Ruminants, in particular, have a complex stomach, the first three chambers of which are all lined with oesophageal mucosa" @default.
UBERON_0000947 UBPROP_0000008 "All amniotes have a broadly similar arrangement to that of humans, albeit with a number of individual variations. In fish, however, there are two separate vessels referred to as aortas. The ventral aorta carries de-oxygenated blood from the heart to the gills; part of this vessel forms the ascending aorta in tetrapods (the remainder forms the pulmonary artery). A second, dorsal aorta carries oxygenated blood from the gills to the rest of the body, and is homologous with the descending aorta of tetrapods. The two aortas are connected by a number of vessels, one passing through each of the gills. Amphibians also retain the fifth connecting vessel, so that the aorta has two parallel arches" @default.
UBERON_0000950 UBPROP_0000008 "A&P heads in rat, single head in humans[DOI:10.1002/ar.22919]" @default.
UBERON_0000956 UBPROP_0000008 "hagfishes have independently evolved a highly laminated cerebral cortex, comparable in many ways to the cerebral cortex of mammals [http://icb.oxfordjournals.org/content/42/4/743]" @default.
UBERON_0000964 UBPROP_0000008 "Compared to terrestial animals, the cornea of zebrafish is relatively flat. It consists of nonpigmented, stratified squamous nonkeratinizing epithelial cells, attached to a thick basement membrane that is considered to be analogous to the Bowman's membrane in mammals. In fish, and aquatic vertebrates in general, the cornea plays no role in focusing light, since it has virtually the same refractive index as water" @default.
UBERON_0000965 UBPROP_0000008 "This class excludes compound eye corneal lenses." @default.
UBERON_0000975 UBPROP_0000008 "It probably first evolved in early tetrapods as an extension of the pectoral girdle; it is not found in fish. In amphibians and reptiles it is typically a shield-shaped structure, often composed entirely of cartilage. It is absent in both turtles and snakes. In birds it is a relatively large bone and typically bears an enormous projecting keel to which the flight muscles are attached. Only in mammals does the sternum take on the elongated, segmented form seen in humans. In some mammals, such as opossums, the individual segments never fuse and remain separated by cartilagenous plates throughout life" @default.
UBERON_0000975 UBPROP_0000008 "in birds, either ratite (no keel or carina) or carinate (keel and carina present)" @default.
UBERON_0000980 UBPROP_0000008 "there are two in human (greater and lesser trochanters) and three in many other mammalian species (greater, lesser and third)" @default.
UBERON_0000985 UBPROP_0000008 "In human anatomy, the axillary vein is a large blood vessel that conveys blood from the lateral aspect of the thorax, axilla (armpit) and upper limb toward the heart. There is one axillary vein on each side of the body. Its origin is at the lower margin of the teres major muscle and a continuation of the brachial vein. Its tributaries include the basilic vein and cephalic vein, which are both superficial veins. It terminates at the lateral margin of the first rib, at which it becomes the subclavian vein. It is accompanied along its course by a similarly named artery, the axillary artery" @default.
UBERON_0000989 UBPROP_0000008 "Most male birds (e.g., roosters and turkeys) have a cloaca (also present on the female), but not a penis. Among bird species with a penis are paleognathes (tinamous and ratites), Anatidae (ducks, geese and swans), and a very few other species (such as flamingoes). A bird penis is different in structure from mammal penises, being an erectile expansion of the cloacal wall and being erected by lymph, not blood. It is usually partially feathered and in some species features spines and brush-like filaments, and in flaccid state curls up inside the cloaca" @default.
UBERON_0000992 UBPROP_0000008 "Ovaries of some kind are found in the female reproductive system of many animals that employ sexual reproduction, including invertebrates. However, they develop in a very different way in most invertebrates than they do in vertebrates, and are not truly homologous. Many of the features found in human ovaries are common to all vertebrates, including the presence of follicular cells, tunica albuginea, and so on. However, many species produce a far greater number of eggs during their lifetime than do humans, so that, in fish and amphibians, there may be hundreds, or even millions of fertile eggs present in the ovary at any given time. In these species, fresh eggs may be developing from the germinal epithelium throughout life. Corpora lutea are found only in mammals, and in some elasmobranch fish; in other species, the remnants of the follicle are quickly resorbed by the ovary. In birds, reptiles, and monotremes, the egg is relatively large, filling the follicle, and distorting the shape of the ovary at maturity. Amphibians and reptiles have no ovarian medulla; the central part of the ovary is a hollow, lymph-filled space. The ovary of teleosts is also often hollow, but in this case, the eggs are shed into the cavity, which opens into the oviduct. Although most normal female vertebrates have two ovaries, this is not the case in all species. In birds and platypuses, the right ovary never matures, so that only the left is functional. In some elasmobranchs, the reverse is true, with only the right ovary fully developing. In the primitive jawless fish, and some teleosts, there is only one ovary, formed by the fusion of the paired organs in the embryo" @default.
UBERON_0000993 UBPROP_0000008 "The only female vertebrates to lack oviducts are the jawless fishes. In these species, the single fused ovary releases eggs directly into the body cavity. The fish eventually extrudes the eggs through small genital pores towards the rear of the body[WP]" @default.
UBERON_0000993 UBPROP_0000008 "in birds divided into infundibulum, magnum, isthmus, uterus, and vagina" @default.
UBERON_0000994 UBPROP_0000008 "Some species have multiple spermathecae, as seen in earthworms, where four pairs of spermathecae are present. One pair in 6,7,8 and 9 segments. They receive and store the spermatozoa of another earthworm during copulation" @default.
UBERON_0000995 UBPROP_0000008 "Most animals that lay eggs, such as birds and reptiles, have an oviduct instead of a uterus. In monotremes, mammals which lay eggs and include the platypus, either the term uterus or oviduct is used to describe the same organ, but the egg does not develop a placenta within the mother and thus does not receive further nourishment after formation and fertilization. Marsupials have two uteruses, each of which connect to a lateral vagina and which both use a third, middle 'vagina' which functions as the birth canal. Marsupial embryos form a choriovitelline 'placenta' (which can be thought of as something between a monotreme egg and a 'true' placenta), in which the egg's yolk sac supplies a large part of the embryo's nutrition but also attaches to the uterine wall and takes nutrients from the mother's bloodstream." @default.
UBERON_0001000 UBPROP_0000008 "Most vertebrates have some form of duct to transfer the sperm from the testes to the urethra. In cartilaginous fish and amphibians, sperm is carried through the archinephric duct, which also partially helps to transport urine from the kidneys. In teleosts, there is a distinct sperm duct, separate from the ureters, and often called the vas deferens, although probably not truly homologous with that in humans. In cartilaginous fishes, the part of the archinephric duct closest to the testis is coiled up to form an epididymis. Below this are a number of small glands secreting components of the seminal fluid. The final portion of the duct also receives ducts from the kidneys in most species. In amniotes, however, the archinephric duct has become a true vas deferens, and is used only for conducting sperm, never urine. As in cartilaginous fish, the upper part of the duct forms the epididymis. In many species, the vas deferens ends in a small sac for storing sperm. The only vertebrates to lack any structure resembling a vas deferens are the primitive jawless fishes, which release sperm directly into the body cavity, and then into the surrounding water through a simple opening in the body wall." @default.
UBERON_0001003 UBPROP_0000008 "Zebrafish epidermis consists only of living cells unlike terrestrial vertebrates in which dead, keratinized cells are present. In terrestrial vertebrates the epidermis often forms an outer keratinized or cornified layer, the stratum corneum. Interaction between the epideris and dermis gives rise to feathers (birds), hair and mammary glands (mammals), teeth and scales (placoid: chondrichthyans; cosmoids, ganoid, cycloid in bony fishes)." @default.
UBERON_0001008 UBPROP_0000008 "In humans, the renal system comprises a pair of kidneys, a pair of ureters, urinary bladder, urethra, sphincter muscle and associated blood vessels" @default.
UBERON_0001008 UBPROP_0000008 "This definition is inclusive of the organs of the vertebrate renal system, as well as the Malpighian tubules of insects, and allows for future incorporation of structures such as the antennal glands of crustaceans" @default.
UBERON_0001013 UBPROP_0000008 "In humans, adipose tissue is located beneath the skin (subcutaneous fat), around internal organs (visceral fat), in bone marrow (yellow bone marrow) and in breast tissue. Adipose tissue is found in specific locations, which are referred to as adipose depots. Adipose tissue contains several cell types, with the highest percentage of cells being adipocytes, which contain fat droplets. Other cell types include fibroblasts, macrophages, and endothelial cells. Adipose tissue contains many small blood vessels.; Mice have eight major adipose depots, four of which are within the abdominal cavity. The paired gonadal depots are attached to the uterus and ovaries in females and the epididymis and testes in males; the paired retroperitoneal depots are found along the dorsal wall of the abdomen, surrounding the kidney, and, when massive, extend into the pelvis. The mesenteric depot forms a glue-like web that supports the intestines, and the omental depot, which originates near the stomach and spleen, and, when massive, extends into the ventral abdomen." @default.
UBERON_0001040 UBPROP_0000008 "In therians, a structure homologous to the yolk sac is is present, but contains no yolk platelets. Instead it is filled with fluid [ISBN:0073040584 (Vertebrates, Kardong)]" @default.
UBERON_0001044 UBPROP_0000008 "The salivary glands in mammals are exocrine glands, glands with ducts, that produce saliva. They also secrete amylase, an enzyme that breaks down starch into maltose. In other organisms such as insects, salivary glands are often used to produce biologically important proteins like silk or glues, and fly salivary glands contain polytene chromosomes that have been useful in genetic research. The salivary glands of some species are modified to produce enzymes; salivary amylase is found in many, but by no means all, bird and mammal species (including humans, as noted above). Furthermore, the venom glands of poisonous snakes, Gila monsters, and some shrews, are modified salivary glands" @default.
UBERON_0001045 UBPROP_0000008 "In humans: originates from the foregut at the opening of the bile duct into the duodenum and continues through the small intestine and much of the large intestine until the transition to the hindgut about two-thirds of the way through the transverse colon" @default.
UBERON_0001052 UBPROP_0000008 "In the lungfish, sharks and rays the rectum opens into the cloaca which also receives wastes (urine) from the kidneys and material from the reproductive organs. In bony fish the rectum reaches the outside environment through the anus, which is normally situated just in front the urinary and reproductive openings. However in some fish the digestive tract may be curled back on itself, and in the Electric Eel (Electrophorus electricus) the anus is situated in the fish's throat. -- http://www.earthlife.net/fish/digestion.html" @default.
UBERON_0001054 UBPROP_0000008 "It is unclear as to whether the Malpighian tubules of arachnids and those of the Uniramia are homologous or the result of convergent evolution.[Wikipedia:Malpighian_tubule_system]" @default.
UBERON_0001057 UBPROP_0000008 "In Lepidoptera species, the corpus allatum acts as a release site for prothoracicotropic hormone which is generated by the brain" @default.
UBERON_0001057 UBPROP_0000008 "In many Diptera species, the corpus allatum is fused with the corpus cardiacum, forming Weismann's ring" @default.
UBERON_0001058 UBPROP_0000008 "Also in annelids. 'Comparison to the vertebrate pallium reveals that the annelid mushroom bodies develop from similar molecular coordinates within a conserved overall molecular brain topology and that their development involves conserved patterning mechanisms and produces conserved neuron types that existed already in the proto- stome-deuterostome ancestors. These data indicate deep homology of pallium and mushroom bodies and date back the origin of higher brain centers to prebilaterian times'" @default.
UBERON_0001063 UBPROP_0000008 "enlarged in pterosaurs" @default.
UBERON_0001066 UBPROP_0000008 "strictly speaking the term intervertebral disk [applies to intervertebral cartilage]" @default.
UBERON_0001070 UBPROP_0000008 "not homologous to the external carotid of zebrafish (Goodrich, 1958) - http://zfish.nichd.nih.gov/zfatlas/Intro%20Page/comparative.html; check XAO" @default.
UBERON_0001076 UBPROP_0000008 "The spinous process of a vertebra is directed backward and downward from the junction of the laminae (in humans), and serves for the attachment of muscles and ligaments. In animals without an erect stance, the process points upward and may slant forward or backward. Spinous processes are exaggerated in some animals, such as the extinct Dimetrodon and Spinosaurus, where they form a sail- or finback. [Wikipedia:Spinous_process]" @default.
UBERON_0001088 UBPROP_0000008 "kidney excreta from some taxa (e.g. in aves) may not be liquid" @default.
UBERON_0001091 UBPROP_0000008 "absent in living platypus, present in toothed Miocene platypus Obduron dicksoni" @default.
UBERON_0001103 UBPROP_0000008 "The existence of some membrane separating the pharynx from the stomach can be traced widely among the chordates. Thus amphioxus possesses an atrium by which water exits the pharynx, which has been argued (and disputed) to be homologous to structures in ascidians and hagfishes.[3]" @default.
UBERON_0001103 UBPROP_0000008 "The urochordate epicardium separates digestive organs from the pharynx and heart, but the anus returns to the upper compartment to discharge wastes through an outgoing siphon (Thoracic_diaphragm#Comparative_anatomy_and_evolution)" @default.
UBERON_0001105 UBPROP_0000008 "The clavicle first appears as part of the skeleton in primitive bony fish, where it is associated with the pectoral fin; they also have a bone called the cleithrum. In such fish, the paired clavicles run behind and below the gills on each side, and are joined by a solid symphysis on the fish's underside. They are, however, absent in cartilagenous fish and in the vast majority of living bony fish, including all of the teleosts[ISBN 0-03-910284-X]." @default.
UBERON_0001112 UBPROP_0000008 "In humans it inserts along a roughened line deep in the groove. In other mammals (most, I believe) it is an actual projection, the latissimus dorsi process [FEED:rd] [https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/1192]" @default.
UBERON_0001132 UBPROP_0000008 "Parathyroid glands are found in all adult tetrapods, although they vary in their number, and in their exact position. Mammals typically have four parathyroids, while other groups typically have six. Fish do not possess parathyroid glands, although the ultimobranchial glands, which are found close to the oesophagus, may have a similar function and could even be homologous with the tetrapod parathyroids. Even these glands are absent in the most primitive vertebrates, the jawless fish, but as these species have no bone in their skeletons, only cartilage, it may be that they have less need to regulate calcium metabolism. The conserved homology of genes and calcium-sensing receptors in fish gills with those in the parathryroid glands of birds and mammals is recognized by evolutionary developmental biology as evolution-using genes and gene networks in novel ways to generate new structures with some similar functions and novel functions[WP]" @default.
UBERON_0001137 UBPROP_0000008 "In humans, called the back, a large posterior area of the human body, rising from the top of the buttocks to the back of the neck and the shoulders. It is the surface opposite to the chest, its height being defined by the vertebral column (commonly referred to as the spine or backbone) and its breadth being supported by the ribcage and shoulders. The spinal canal runs through the spine and provides nerves to the rest of the body" @default.
UBERON_0001139 UBPROP_0000008 "In human anatomy, the common iliac veins are formed by the external iliac veins and internal iliac veins and together, in the abdomen at the level of the fifth lumbar vertebrae, form the inferior vena cava. They drain blood from the pelvis and lower limbs. Both common iliac veins are accompanied along their course by common iliac arteries." @default.
UBERON_0001144 UBPROP_0000008 "In humans, the right testicular vein generally joins the inferior vena cava; the left testicular vein, unlike the right, often joins the left renal vein instead of the inferior vena cava. The veins emerge from the back of the testis, and receive tributaries from the epididymis; they unite and form a convoluted plexus, called the pampiniform plexus, which constitutes the greater mass of the spermatic cord; the vessels composing this plexus are very numerous, and ascend along the cord, in front of the ductus deferens. Below the subcutaneous inguinal ring, they unite to form three or four veins, which pass along the inguinal canal, and, entering the abdomen through the abdominal inguinal ring, coalesce to form two veins, which ascend on the Psoas major, behind the peritoneum, lying one on either side of the internal spermatic artery. These unite to form a single vein, which opens, on the right side, into the inferior vena cava (at an acute angle), on the left side into the left renal vein (at a right angle). The spermatic veins are provided with valves. The left spermatic vein passes behind the iliac colon and is thus exposed to pressure from the contents of that part of the bowel" @default.
UBERON_0001153 UBPROP_0000008 "A cecum is present in most amniote species, and also in lungfish, but not in any living species of amphibian. In reptiles, it is usually a single median structure, arising from the dorsal side of the large intestine. Birds typically have two paired ceca, as, unlike other mammals, do hyraxes. Most mammalian herbivores have a relatively large cecum, hosting a large number of bacteria, which aid in the enzymatic breakdown of plant materials such as cellulose; in many species, it is considerably wider than the colon. In contrast, obligatory carnivores, whose diets contain little or no plant material, have a reduced cecum, which is often partially or wholly replaced by the vermiform appendix. Many fish have a number of small outpocketings, called pyloric ceca, along their intestine; despite the name they are not homologous with the cecum of amniotes, and their purpose is to increase the overall area of the digestive epithelium.[2] Some invertebrates, such as squid,[3] may also have structures with the same name, but these have no relationship with those of vertebrates." @default.
UBERON_0001155 UBPROP_0000008 "In mammals, the colon consists of four sections: the ascending colon, the transverse colon, the descending colon, and the sigmoid colon[WP]" @default.
UBERON_0001155 UBPROP_0000008 "In zebrafish, the posterior intestine has short longitudinally arranged epithelial folds which are similar to the colon of higher vertebrates[ZFIN]" @default.
UBERON_0001211 UBPROP_0000008 "Reptiles have accumulations of lymphocytes in their guts that may be primitive Peyer's patches (Zapata and Solas)." @default.
UBERON_0001212 UBPROP_0000008 "Said to be absent outside mammlian (Andrew 1959) but Ziswiler and Farner (1972) noted similar glands at the gastroduodenal junction of some birds" @default.
UBERON_0001233 UBPROP_0000008 "In humans, the right adrenal gland is triangular shaped" @default.
UBERON_0001234 UBPROP_0000008 "In humans, the left adrenal gland is semilunar shaped" @default.
UBERON_0001235 UBPROP_0000008 "Kardong states that mammals are the first to have distinct cortext and medulla, but this contradicts XAO" @default.
UBERON_0001245 UBPROP_0000008 "In the lungfish, sharks and rays the rectum opens into the cloaca which also receives wastes (urine) from the kidneys and material from the reproductive organs. In bony fish the rectum reaches the outside environment through the anus, which is normally situated just in front the urinary and reproductive openings. However in some fish the digestive tract may be curled back on itself, and in the Electric Eel (Electrophorus electricus) the anus is situated in the fish's throat. -- http://www.earthlife.net/fish/digestion.html" @default.
UBERON_0001255 UBPROP_0000008 "The urinary bladder evolved in tetrapods. Birds to not possess a true urinary bladder, although Palaeognathae have an undifferentiated cloacal outpocketing that serves a similar function[https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/454]" @default.
UBERON_0001264 UBPROP_0000008 "As a secretory organ serving exocrine and endocrine functions, the pancreas is specific to the vertebrates[PMID:16417468] Hagfishes and lampreys are unique in the complete separation of their endocrine pancreas (islet or- gan) and their exocrine pancreas (50). The endocrine and exocrine pancreas are coassociated in crown gnathostomes (50). In Branchiostoma and Ciona, there is no diverticulum as there is in hagfishes, lampreys, and gnathostomes, only dispersed insulin-secreting cells in the walls of the gastrointestinal tract (51, 52)" @default.
UBERON_0001264 UBPROP_0000008 "The zebrafish does not have a discrete pancreas. Exocrine pancreatic tissue can be found scattered along the intestinal tract. The acinar structure of the exocrine pancreas is very similar to that of mammals and comprises cells with a very dark, basophilic cytoplasm" @default.
UBERON_0001269 UBPROP_0000008 "In reptiles and in birds, the acetabula are deep sockets." @default.
UBERON_0001272 UBPROP_0000008 "The hip/pelvic bone/basipterygium first appears in fishes, where it consists of a simple, usually triangular bone, to which the pelvic fin articulates. The hip bones on each side usually connect with each other at the forward end, and are even solidly fused in lungfishes and sharks, but they never attach to the vertebral column" @default.
UBERON_0001273 UBPROP_0000008 "All reptiles have an ilium except snakes, although some snake species have a tiny bone which is considered to be an ilium" @default.
UBERON_0001285 UBPROP_0000008 "In the avian kidney, three types of nephron are identified: mammalian-type nephrons with long and short loops of Henle, and reptilian type nephrons (Gambaryan, 1992)" @default.
UBERON_0001288 UBPROP_0000008 "The structure differs considerably between species; there is a definite physical loop of Henle in the mammalian and avian renal systems but this seems to be absent in Xenopus. However, homologs of some, but not all, molecular markers (e.g. cldn8 and clcnk) of the mammalian loop of Henle were found to be present in the pronephros of the frog larva ." @default.
UBERON_0001294 UBPROP_0000008 "unique to mammals" @default.