FRINK Linked Data Fragments server

Matches in Ubergraph for { ?s <http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBPROP_0000008> ?o ?g. }

• UBERON_0007763 UBPROP_0000008 "The culmen lobule (lobules IV/V) is a single structure in humans, but it is divided by the intraculminate fissure in many rodents. In some mouse strains such as SLJ/J, the intraculminate fissure is absent, in some strains such as DBA/2J it is present, and other strains (C57BL/10J and BALB/cJ) exhibit considerable variablility (PMID: 1953602).[MP]" @default.
• UBERON_0007800 UBPROP_0000008 "sometimes seen in humans as an anomaly." @default.
• UBERON_0007805 UBPROP_0000008 "In amphibians, a complex of synostotically fused vertebrae supporting the pelvic girdle. In anurans, the synsacrum is formed by two vertebrae and the urostyle is fused to its posterior end[AAO:Pugener_2002]" @default.
• UBERON_0007805 UBPROP_0000008 "In birds and dinosaurs, the sacrum is extended by incorporation of additional fused or partially-fused caudal or lumbar vertebrae. The ilium of the pelvis is attached to the synsacrum and, in some species, may also be fused to it. Together with the pelvis this forms a rigid structure which carries the weight of the hind end of the animal. In living and some prehistoric birds, posterior to the synsacrum there are usually only a few free caudal vertebrae, on the end of which lies the pygostyle[Wikipedia:Synsacrum]" @default.
• UBERON_0007812 UBPROP_0000008 "present at some time in chordate life history (eg in Urochordates, present only in free-swimming larvae). Function: propellor locomotion (in some species)" @default.
• UBERON_0007830 UBPROP_0000008 "typically the ilium, ischium and pubis. These can alternately be considered individual bones, or zones of a single fused bone" @default.
• UBERON_0007841 UBPROP_0000008 "Found in both avian and non-avian theropods including, but not limited to: Coelophysoids, Allosauroids, Spinosauridae, Tyrannosauroids, Oviraptorosauria, Troodontidae and Dromaeosauridae" @default.
• UBERON_0007960 UBPROP_0000008 "present in mouse[based on MA], carnivora[Websters] and macropods" @default.
• UBERON_0008193 UBPROP_0000008 "Skeletal pneumaticity is the presence of air spaces within bones. Skeletal pneumaticity exists only in synapsids and archosaurs. It is generally produced during development by excavation of bone by pneumatic diverticula (air sacs) from an air-filled space such as the lungs or nasal cavity. Pneumatization is highly variable between individuals, and bones not normally pneumatized can become pneumatized in pathological development. Pneumatization occurs in the skulls of mammals, crocodilians and birds among extant groups, as well as extinct archosaurs including the dinosaurs and pterosaurs. Pneumatic spaces include the paranasal sinuses and some of the mastoid cells[WP]. [Wikipedia:Skeletal_pneumaticity]" @default.
• UBERON_0008195 UBPROP_0000008 "found in birds" @default.
• UBERON_0008199 UBPROP_0000008 "In humans, the chin is the lowermost part of the face. It is formed by the lower front of the mandible. The chin developed as a point of muscular attachment facilitating minute movements of the lips associated with speech. In human evolution, the chin is a cladistic apomorphy, partially defining anatomically modern Humans as distinct from archaic forms" @default.
• UBERON_0008293 UBPROP_0000008 "In some passerines, filoplumes arise exposed beyond the contour feathers on the neck" @default.
• UBERON_0008338 UBPROP_0000008 "In humans is the sole of the foot anatomically referred to as the plantar aspect. The equivalent surface in ungulates is the hoof" @default.
• UBERON_0008425 UBPROP_0000008 "These buds are either located in the thoracic region in primates, in the inguinal area in ungulates or along the entire length of the trunk in rodents and pigs. In humans, milk lines appear in the seventh week of embryonic development" @default.
• UBERON_0008446 UBPROP_0000008 "Modern humans are unique among hominids in having a flexor pollicis longus (FPL) muscle belly that is separate from that of the flexor digitorum profundus (FDP). While the FPL is not a separate muscle belly in extant great apes, a distinct tendon from the FDP belly might be present. In some individuals this tendon tend to act more like a ligament which restricts extension of the interphalangeal joint of the thumb. In orangutans there is a tendon similar in insertion and function to the FPL in humans, but which has an intrinsic origin on the oblique head of the adductor pollicis" @default.
• UBERON_0008776 UBPROP_0000008 "This layer can be distinguished from the overlying epiblast in the mouse embryo as early as day 4.5, and day 7 in human). The cells of the hypoblast are not thought to contribute to the developing embryo proper, but contribute to several extraembryonic structures. In rodents, the hypoblast cells form the parietal endoderm, parietal and visceral yolk sac as well as extraembryonic membranes, such as the extraembryonic endoderm, the yolk sac and the stalk that links it to the endodermal digestive tube. In human embryos, hypoblast cells migrate and line the blastocoelic cavity of the blastocyst, forming the primary yolk sac and Heuser's membrane. Although both the murine parietal yolk sac and the human primary yolk sac are transient structures, they are not developmental equivalents. A second wave of hypoblast cells migrates to form the definitive yolk sac which displaces the primary yolk sac and is equivalent to the murine visceral yolk sac. The primary yolk sac breaks up into small vesicles that can persist at the mural (abembryonic) pole." @default.
• UBERON_0008777 UBPROP_0000008 "The hypaxial muscles are located on the lower side of the body, often below the horizontal septum in many species (primarily fish and amphibians). In amniotes, the positional distinctions have been lost as the body's muscles have changed through evolution, but in all species, the hypaxial muscles are innervated by the ventral ramus of the spinal nerves, while the epaxial muscles are innervated by the dorsal ramus." @default.
• UBERON_0008778 UBPROP_0000008 "In humans, the erector spinae, the transversospinal muscles (including the multifidus, semispinalis and rotatores), the splenius and suboccipital muscles are the only epaxial muscles" @default.
• UBERON_0008778 UBPROP_0000008 "The hypaxial muscles are located on the lower side of the body, often below the horizontal septum in many species (primarily fish and amphibians). In amniotes, the positional distinctions have been lost as the body's muscles have changed through evolution, but in all species, the hypaxial muscles are innervated by the ventral ramus of the spinal nerves, while the epaxial muscles are innervated by the dorsal ramus." @default.
• UBERON_0008786 UBPROP_0000008 "underdeveloped / not present in humans" @default.
• UBERON_0008807 UBPROP_0000008 "In rodents, the prostate gland consists of three lobes, the anterior prostate (AP; also known as the coagulating gland), the dorsolateral prostate (DLP), and the ventral prostate (VP). These lobes are arranged circumferentially around the urethra and display characteristic patterns of ductal branching and protein secretion (PMID:3308446). In contrast, the adult human prostate lacks discernible lobular organization and, instead, completely envelops the urethra at the base of the bladder (PMID:3308446).[MP]" @default.
• UBERON_0008815 UBPROP_0000008 "Some hemichordate species can have as many as 200 gill slits" @default.
• UBERON_0008815 UBPROP_0000008 "homologous to pharyngeal pouches" @default.
• UBERON_0008815 UBPROP_0000008 "may have been present in deuterostome ancestor[PMID:11961109]" @default.
• UBERON_0008827 UBPROP_0000008 "This class is based on the murine structure. Other groups, such as cetaceans, also have a forestomach (which is essentially an enlargement of the esophagus)" @default.
• UBERON_0008827 UBPROP_0000008 "the forestomach accounts for about 60% (rat) and 70% (mouse) of the stomach volume and receives the esophagus at the cardiac antrum; the wall of the forestomach consists of, from inside to outside, stratified squamous epithelium, the lamina propria (epithelium and lamina propria form the mucosa), the muscularis mucosae, the submucosa, the muscularis interna and externa (inner circular and outer longitudinal layers of smooth muscle), and the serosa" @default.
• UBERON_0008835 UBPROP_0000008 "in mice, the hepatic diverticulum forms by E9 and expands into an obvious liver bud by E10" @default.
• UBERON_0008881 UBPROP_0000008 "In rodents, the anterior region of the SVZ produces neuroblasts that migrate in chain toward the olfactory bulb along the so-called rostral migratory stream (RMS)" @default.
• UBERON_0008897 UBPROP_0000008 "This class groups together various structures that may have arisen through convergent evolution, including, for example, the dorsal fin of a cetacean" @default.
• UBERON_0008917 UBPROP_0000008 "The presence of these organs varies greatly among anamniotes, but an out-group analysis of their distribution in adult anamniotes suggests that they were present in primitive vertebrates and retained in living lampreys, cartilaginous fishes, lobe-finned fishes and basal ray-finned fishes (bichirs, sturgeons and paddlefishes). Ampullary organs do not occur in gars and bowfins, two of the three groups of neopterygian fishes, nor are they found in most teleost fishes, but they do appear to have re-evolved at least twice (and more likely three or more times) in five groups of teleosts (Northcutt, 1997).[http://icb.oxfordjournals.org/content/42/4/743]" @default.
• UBERON_0008951 UBPROP_0000008 "1 in mice, divided into 2 in human by a single interlobar fissure, the oblqiue fissure" @default.
• UBERON_0008954 UBPROP_0000008 "the lingula of the left lung in humans is not normally considered a true lobe" @default.
• UBERON_0008955 UBPROP_0000008 "mice have 4 right lobes (5 in some schemes), humans have 2, and thus no middle lobe (the lingula is not a lobe)" @default.
• UBERON_0008959 UBPROP_0000008 "In extant primates, the structure is found in tarsiers, lemurs, and lorises[WP]. When present in marsupials, it usually forms the alisphenoid; in placentals variously constructed of ectotympanic, entotympanic, petrosal, or a combination of these and others" @default.
• UBERON_0008974 UBPROP_0000008 "Mammary glands are modified apocrine glands present in both humans and mice; unlike humans, mice do not have axillary apocrine sweat glands[MGI:anna]" @default.
• UBERON_0008995 UBPROP_0000008 "One or more deep cerebellar nuclei appear in agnathans, sharks, ropefishes, lungfishes, Latimeria, and amphibians. Reptiles have two nuclei (a medial and a lateral), and birds and mammals have three nuclei (a medial, a lateral, and an interposed nucleus). The medial nucleus of mammals is known as the fastigial nucleus, and the lateral nucleus is known as the dentate nucleus.[BgeeDb][ISBN:0471888893]" @default.
• UBERON_0009055 UBPROP_0000008 "The circulatory systems of all vertebrates, as well as of annelids (for example, earthworms) and cephalopods (squid and octopus) are closed, just as in humans. Still, the systems of fish, amphibians, reptiles, and birds show various stages of the evolution of the circulatory system" @default.
• UBERON_0009102 UBPROP_0000008 "The supraneural body from hematopoietically stimulated lampreys appears to be histologically-similar to 'bone marrow' in higher vertebrates and contains all blood cell lineages and their precursors, including lymphocytes at all stages of maturity" @default.
• UBERON_0009114 UBPROP_0000008 "A cervical thymus is a pathological structure in a human - it can form during the migration of the thymus to its location in the mediastinum. Some mice have a cervical thymus. There are examples of cervical thymi in marsupials and prosimians[ISBN:0781714125]" @default.
• UBERON_0009119 UBPROP_0000008 "May also be present in amphioxus" @default.
• UBERON_0009121 UBPROP_0000008 "In the human this disappears before birth" @default.
• UBERON_0009138 UBPROP_0000008 "only a vestige of the right duct in the adult hagfish (21)[PMID:20959416, S1]" @default.
• UBERON_0009645 UBPROP_0000008 "Ampullary glands are situated in an ampulla-like enlargement of the seminal duct, or embedded in the latter; they are present, eg in the Shrew, Ruminants, and certain Carnivores and Rodents. (Wiedersheim et al., 1907)" @default.
• UBERON_0009645 UBPROP_0000008 "there is no known human counterpart to the ampullary glands of the mouse[MP]" @default.
• UBERON_0009672 UBPROP_0000008 "In humans, the oronasal membrane ruptures during the seventh week, producing a single, large oronasal cavity" @default.
• UBERON_0009716 UBPROP_0000008 "possible homologues of neuromasts in the inner ear (Bone & Ryan, 1978; Wada et al 1998). In the tunicate cupular organ, the sensory cell is a primary neuron sending an axon to the CNS. The sensory cilium is within a deep indentation of the cell and is surrounded by a collar of short microvilli." @default.
• UBERON_0009769 UBPROP_0000008 "the left duct atrophies at metamorphosis in the lamprey (22)[PMID:20959416, S1]" @default.
• UBERON_0009857 UBPROP_0000008 "In humans, present in 100% of fetuses, but over 85% of them fuse by 3-6 months after birth" @default.
• UBERON_0009871 UBPROP_0000008 "see http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12761251 for description of nephrogenic zone in dogfish." @default.
• UBERON_0009879 UBPROP_0000008 "Not always associated with digits, in sarcopterygians the ulnare is present without true digits being formed, though their homologous radial elements are present" @default.
• UBERON_0009880 UBPROP_0000008 "Not always associated with digits, in sarcopterygians the ulnare is present without true digits being formed, though their homologous radial elements are present[PHENOSCAPE:ad]." @default.
• UBERON_0009880 UBPROP_0000008 "The structure of the carpus varies widely between different groups of tetrapods, even among those that retain the full set of five digits. In primitive fossil amphibians, such as Eryops, the carpus consists of three rows of bones; a proximal row of three carpals, a second row of four bones, and a distal row of five bones. The proximal carpals are referred to as the radiale, intermediale, and ulnare, after their proximal articulations, and are homologous with the scaphoid, lunate, and triquetal bones respectively. The remaining bones are simply numbered, as the first to fourth centralia (singular: centrale), and the first to fifth distal carpals. Primitively, each of the distal bones appears to have articulated with a single metacarpal. However, the vast majority of later vertebrates, including modern amphibians, have undergone varying degrees of loss and fusion of these primitive bones, resulting in a smaller number of carpals. Almost all mammals and reptiles, for example, have lost the fifth distal carpal, and have only a single centrale - and even this is missing in humans. The pisiform bone is somewhat unusual, in that it first appears in primitive reptiles, and is never found in amphibians. Because many tetrapods have less than five digits on the forelimb, even greater degrees of fusion are common, and a huge array of different possible combinations are found. The wing of a modern bird, for example, has only two remaining carpals; the radiale (the scaphoid of mammals) and a bone formed from the fusion of four of the distal carpals. In some macropods, the scaphoid and lunar bones are fused into the scaphollunar bone" @default.
• UBERON_0009889 UBPROP_0000008 "In general, the two studies in chick concluded that the contribution of the SHF was to the outflow tract, whereas the mouse work suggested that the second lineage contributed more broadly to the heart, including the outflow tract and much or all of the right ventricle [11-14]. These different conclusions may represent differences in the experimental approaches used or may represent bona fide differences in the contribution of the second lineage to the hearts of birds compared to mammals [11]. Alternatively, the secondary/anterior heart fields described in the chick may represent a subset of a broader field that makes a more substantial contribution to the heart, as the mouse studies suggested" @default.
• UBERON_0009913 UBPROP_0000008 "human kidneys have multilobar (multipyramidal) architecture while mice and rats have unilobar (unipyramidal) kidneys" @default.
• UBERON_0009955 UBPROP_0000008 "While some sensory placodes (otic and olfactory) may have homologues in basal chordates (Wada et al., 1998), the so-called neurogenenic placodes (trigeminal, otic, lateral line and epibranchial placodes) appear to have emerged at a later time (Shimeld and Holland, 2000)" @default.
• UBERON_0009964 UBPROP_0000008 "consider generalizing to include millipedes, centipedes. Function: Two different excretory organs are found among crustaceans: the antennal gland and the maxillary gland. Both have the same basic structure: an end sac and a convoluted duct that may expand into a bladder before opening to the outside. In most adult crustaceans only one or the other gland functions. The functional gland may change during the life cycle. Terminology note: http://crustacea.nhm.org/glossary/define.html?termID=327 suggests green gland as the generic term and antennal as the decapoda term" @default.
• UBERON_0009965 UBPROP_0000008 "They are found in all arachnids (with the exception of some Acari), and in other chelicerates, such as horseshoe crabs. Homology: The coxal gland is thought to be homologous with the antennal gland of crustaceans" @default.
• UBERON_0009976 UBPROP_0000008 "in lampreys and teleost hormones enter the adenohypophysis by diffusion." @default.
• UBERON_0009988 UBPROP_0000008 "As in the N.A., the Condylus humeri is the whole distal end of the bone except the epicondyles. The Capitulum humeri is present in Carnivora, more distinctly in the cat than in the dog. The Fossa coronoidea, present in the cat is medial to the Fossa radialis and accommodates the Processus coronoideus medialis ulnae when the elbow is flexed. A Foramen supratrochleare occurs in carnivora and occasionally in pig.[NOMINA ANATOMICA VETERINARIA (2005)]" @default.
• UBERON_0010008 UBPROP_0000008 "Rodents have a single cotyledon (called a discoid placenta), whereas humans have multiple cotyledons, although they are consolidated into a cluster that resembles a single disc[PMID:19829370]" @default.
• UBERON_0010008 UBPROP_0000008 "in ruminants, this is" @default.
• UBERON_0010015 UBPROP_0000008 "Gradation varies in species. In the stingray, two distinct lobes are seen, in the banded dogfish each lobe is divided into lobules [Homma et al 1984]" @default.
• UBERON_0010018 UBPROP_0000008 "The spiral valve is considered to have evolved from the right member of the four embryonic endocardial ridges (Goodrich, 1930 - via Morris 1974)" @default.
• UBERON_0010018 UBPROP_0000008 "found in dipnoans and amphibians" @default.
• UBERON_0010019 UBPROP_0000008 "In elasmobranchs (sharks and rays), a spiracle is found behind each eye, and is often used to pump water through the gills while the animal is at rest (Fouts, 2003). A spiracle is also found in primitive bony fishes as the chirrups." @default.
• UBERON_0010019 UBPROP_0000008 "The spiracle is still found in all cartilaginous fish except chimaeras, and in bony fishes in the coelacanth, sturgeon, paddlefish and bichirs. It is also seen as an otic notch in the skull of the extinct labyrinthodonts, and is thought to be associated with the ear opening in amniotes and frogs" @default.
• UBERON_0010040 UBPROP_0000008 "this region may develop from the base of the esophagus (some herbivores) - in rodents, loss of the gastric glands in the mucosa leavea a nonglandular epithelial stomach in which smooth muscle contractions knead and mix digesta. This can be keratinized." @default.
• UBERON_0010041 UBPROP_0000008 "In the primitive jawless fish, and some teleosts, there is only one ovary, formed by the fusion of the paired organs in the embryo" @default.
• UBERON_0010051 UBPROP_0000008 "Gradation varies in species. In the stingray, two distinct lobes are seen, in the banded dogfish each lobe is divided into lobules [Homma et al 1984]" @default.
• UBERON_0010055 UBPROP_0000008 "The stapes is homologous to the hyomandibula. In this ontology, we use the class 'hyomandibular cartilage' generally to include the future stapes, the future hyomandibular bone of teleosts and the unossified cartilage in sharks." @default.
• UBERON_0010071 UBPROP_0000008 "In mammals, this class groups together the two epithelial layers plus the intermediate fibrous layer" @default.
• UBERON_0010074 UBPROP_0000008 "in adult cylostomes and teleosts, the interrenal bodies are separate from chromaffin bodies" @default.
• UBERON_0010078 UBPROP_0000008 "The choroid of teleosts is a connective tissue layer rich in blood vessels, and one or two choroidal glands." @default.
• UBERON_0010143 UBPROP_0000008 "constitutes 60-70 % of the ejaculate in humans[MP]" @default.
• UBERON_0010195 UBPROP_0000008 "present in all classes of vertebrates except mammals; the mammalian kidney has a low pressure vascular network that may be its counterpart" @default.
• UBERON_0010198 UBPROP_0000008 "In amphibians, closes at metamorphosis" @default.
• UBERON_0010207 UBPROP_0000008 "In most primate species, a plica semilunaris is present, although fully developed nictitating membranes can be found in lemurs and lorisoid primates[Wikipedia:Nictitating_membrane]" @default.
• UBERON_0010207 UBPROP_0000008 "Some reptiles, birds, and sharks have full nictitating membranes; in many mammals, a small, vestigial portion of the membrane remains in the corner of the eye. Some mammals, such as camels, polar bears, seals, and aardvarks, have full nictitating membranes. fully developed nictitating membranes can be found in lemurs and lorisoid primates." @default.
• UBERON_0010207 UBPROP_0000008 "The Calabar angwantibo (Arctocebus calabarensis, a lorisoid) is the only primate to have a functioning nictitating membrane[Wikipedia:Calabar_angwantibo]" @default.
• UBERON_0010207 UBPROP_0000008 "in mice, the nictitating membrane is very small and composed of a very thin core of cartilage covered by loose connective tissue" @default.
• UBERON_0010209 UBPROP_0000008 "It is the vestigial remnant of the nictitating membrane" @default.
• UBERON_0010245 UBPROP_0000008 "In crocodilians, a semicircular area of the retinal epithelium in the superior fundus shows a fair sulfur yellow coloration and is specialized as a tapetum lucidum." @default.
• UBERON_0010245 UBPROP_0000008 "In the tapetal area, no melanosomes are formed indicating a nonocclusible tapetum in the Caiman sclerops." @default.
• UBERON_0010245 UBPROP_0000008 "Retinal tapeta lucida are common in fish and some reptiles, but rarely occur in mammals. In most of these species the retinal tapetum can be classified as either a lipid (in some teleosts, mammals) or guanine type (in some teleosts, reptiles). Another differentiation can be made among the retinal tapeta lucida based on whether the tapetum is occlusible (found in most of teleosts), or nonocclusible (or static) (found in mammals)" @default.
• UBERON_0010245 UBPROP_0000008 "as seen in teleosts, crocodiles, marsupials and fruit bats" @default.
• UBERON_0010245 UBPROP_0000008 "the tapetum lucidum is an integral part of the pigment epithelium in primitive teleosts (lying in the pro- cesses of the pigmented epithelial cells). It can vary in chemical nature." @default.
• UBERON_0010246 UBPROP_0000008 "A choroidal tapetum of reflecting cells lying immediately outside the choriocapillaris is formed in a few primitive teleosts." @default.
• UBERON_0010246 UBPROP_0000008 "The elasmobranch tapetum in Squalus and Scyliorhinus con- sists of sheets of 12-13 superposed guanine crystals in the choroid." @default.
• UBERON_0010246 UBPROP_0000008 "elasmobranchii (skates, rays, and sharks) and chimaeras" @default.
• UBERON_0010248 UBPROP_0000008 "cows, sheep, goats and horses" @default.
• UBERON_0010271 UBPROP_0000008 "In most other mammals it also innervates the musculus retractor bulbi, which can retract the eye for protection" @default.
• UBERON_0010272 UBPROP_0000008 "In most mammals, including humans, the hyoid apparatus is shaped like a horseshoe. However, in humans, some of the bones of the hyoid apparatus are fused into a single bone called os hyoideum. In other animals such as frogs, the hyoid apparatus has a hyoid body that is chiefly comprised of hyaline cartilage and two pairs of processes (i.e. alary process and the posteriolateral process)." @default.
• UBERON_0010289 UBPROP_0000008 "May be calcified in chondrichthyans. Tetrapods without this element (e.g., snakes and mammals) have a collagenous sclera. May not be homologous - see http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17051547. cup-shaped in birds. Present in monotremes." @default.
• UBERON_0010290 UBPROP_0000008 "The distribution of scleral ossicles and scleral cartilage among verte- brate taxa is not the same. Some taxa (e.g., birds) have both elements; some only have one element (e.g., crocodiles only have a scleral cartilage); while others (e.g., snakes) have neither element (Walls, 1942) number of ossicles making up the sclerotic ring as well as the shape of both the individual plates and the sclerotic ring is variable among tetrapod taxa.... It is therefore extremely likely that scleral skeletal elements (ossicles and cartilage) of all rep- tiles (including birds) are homologous (but cannot be assumed for reptiles and teleosts)" @default.
• UBERON_0010297 UBPROP_0000008 "The scleral ossicles [of teleosts] are reported to form indirectly by endochondral (Hall and Miyake, 1992) or by perichondral ossification (Patterson, 1977) from a cartilage element that is also present in the sclera. This is unlike the scleral ossicles of reptiles, which develop directly from ectomesenchyme (i.e., intramembranous ossification) and independently from the scleral cartilage" @default.
• UBERON_0010300 UBPROP_0000008 "Scleral papillae (which induce scleral ossicles in birds) have not been reported in teleosts, but evidence for their presence may not have been sought" @default.
• UBERON_0010308 UBPROP_0000008 "At present, it has been documented in 219 species from 35 families, including perching birds, woodpeckers, hummingbirds, toucans, kingfishers, and falcons (Tiemeier, 1950). Morphologically, this element varies in shape from a complete encircling element in some woodpeckers (e.g., Melanerpes eryth- rocephalus) to an abbreviated arc in Gallus" @default.
• UBERON_0010309 UBPROP_0000008 "The most extreme development of the palpebral is found in the armored dino- saur Euoplocephalus tutus, where the bone forms a quarter-sphere and adducts to completely occlude the or- bit (Coombs, 1972; Vickaryous and Russell, 2003). Notwithstanding the superficially similar position, palpe- brals and tarsal plates differ both anatomically and developmentally and are not considered homologous (Gauthier et al., 1988)" @default.
• UBERON_0010310 UBPROP_0000008 "these laminae may consist of purely hyaline cartilage (cats and horses) or may be heavily invested with elastic fibers (dogs, pigs, and cows; Schlegel et al., 2001)" @default.
• UBERON_0010365 UBPROP_0000008 "in many vertebrates, odontoid tissue is not restricted to the teeth" @default.

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