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- 2eca5bba-aa78-44db-aa87-e7007c0a0c29 definition "A strain meter is an instrument used by geophysicists to measure the deformation of the Earth. Linear strain meters measure the changes in the distance between two points, using either a solid piece of material (over a short distance) or a laser interferometer (over a long distance, up to several hundred meters). The type using a solid length standard was invented by Benioff in 1932, using an iron pipe; later instruments used rods made of fused quartz. Modern instruments of this type can make measurements of length changes over very small distances, and are commonly placed in boreholes to measure small changes in the diameter of the borehole. Another type of borehole instrument detects changes in a volume filled with fluid (such as silicone oil). The most common type is the dilatometer invented by Sacks and Evertson in the USA (patent 3,635,076); a design that uses specially shaped volumes to measure the strain tensor has been developed by Sakata in Japan. [Source: Wikipedia ] All these types of strain meters can measure deformation over frequencies from a few Hz to periods of days, months, and years. This allows them to measure signals at lower frequencies than can be detected with seismometers. Most strain meter records show signals from the earth tides, and seismic waves from earthquakes. At longer periods, they can also record the gradual accumulation of stress (physics) caused by plate tectonics, the release of this stress in earthquakes, and rapid changes of stress following earthquakes. The most extensive network of strain meters is installed in Japan; it includes mostly quartz-bar instruments in tunnels and borehole strain meters, with a few laser instruments. Starting in 2003 there has been a major effort (the Plate Boundary Observatory) to install many more strain meters along the Pacific/North-America plate boundary in the United States. The aim is to install about 100 borehole strain meters, primarily in Washington, Oregon and California, and five laser strain meters, all in California. Group: Instrument_Details Entry_ID: STRAIN METER Group: Instrument_Identification Instrument_Category: In Situ/Laboratory Instruments Instrument_Class: Pressure/Height Meters Short_Name: STRAIN METER End_Group Group: Associated_Platforms Short_Name: FIELD INVESTIGATION End_Group Online_Resource: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strainmeter Sample_Image: http://www.techbriefs.com/images/stories/features/2007/appbrief_1207a.png Creation_Date: 2009-04-23 End_Group" @default.
- 2eca5bba-aa78-44db-aa87-e7007c0a0c29 id "1654446" @default.
- 2eca5bba-aa78-44db-aa87-e7007c0a0c29 path_id b2140059-b3ca-415c-b0a7-3e142783ffe8 @default.
- 2eca5bba-aa78-44db-aa87-e7007c0a0c29 path_id b5f5efbe-5b2a-405d-b1ea-ab6c90028009 @default.
- 2eca5bba-aa78-44db-aa87-e7007c0a0c29 path_id ff564c87-78f2-47eb-a857-a4bdc0a71ae5 @default.
- 2eca5bba-aa78-44db-aa87-e7007c0a0c29 path_label "In Situ/Laboratory Instruments" @default.
- 2eca5bba-aa78-44db-aa87-e7007c0a0c29 path_label "Instruments" @default.
- 2eca5bba-aa78-44db-aa87-e7007c0a0c29 path_label "Pressure/Height Meters" @default.
- 2eca5bba-aa78-44db-aa87-e7007c0a0c29 prefLabel "STRAIN METER" @default.
- 2eca5bba-aa78-44db-aa87-e7007c0a0c29 reference "" @default.
- 2eca5bba-aa78-44db-aa87-e7007c0a0c29 tag "Instruments" @default.
!["A strain meter is an instrument used by geophysicists to measure the deformation of the Earth. Linear strain meters measure the changes in the distance between two points, using either a solid piece of material (over a short distance) or a laser interferometer (over a long distance, up to several hundred meters). The type using a solid length standard was invented by Benioff in 1932, using an iron pipe; later instruments used rods made of fused quartz. Modern instruments of this type can make measurements of length changes over very small distances, and are commonly placed in boreholes to measure small changes in the diameter of the borehole. Another type of borehole instrument detects changes in a volume filled with fluid (such as silicone oil). The most common type is the dilatometer invented by Sacks and Evertson in the USA (patent 3,635,076); a design that uses specially shaped volumes to measure the strain tensor has been developed by Sakata in Japan. [Source: Wikipedia ] All these types of strain meters can measure deformation over frequencies from a few Hz to periods of days, months, and years. This allows them to measure signals at lower frequencies than can be detected with seismometers. Most strain meter records show signals from the earth tides, and seismic waves from earthquakes. At longer periods, they can also record the gradual accumulation of stress (physics) caused by plate tectonics, the release of this stress in earthquakes, and rapid changes of stress following earthquakes. The most extensive network of strain meters is installed in Japan; it includes mostly quartz-bar instruments in tunnels and borehole strain meters, with a few laser instruments. Starting in 2003 there has been a major effort (the Plate Boundary Observatory) to install many more strain meters along the Pacific/North-America plate boundary in the United States. The aim is to install about 100 borehole strain meters, primarily in Washington, Oregon and California, and five laser strain meters, all in California. Group: Instrument_Details Entry_ID: STRAIN METER Group: Instrument_Identification Instrument_Category: In Situ/Laboratory Instruments Instrument_Class: Pressure/Height Meters Short_Name: STRAIN METER End_Group Group: Associated_Platforms Short_Name: FIELD INVESTIGATION End_Group Online_Resource: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strainmeter Sample_Image: http://www.techbriefs.com/images/stories/features/2007/appbrief_1207a.png Creation_Date: 2009-04-23 End_Group"](?object=%22A%20strain%20meter%20is%20an%20instrument%20used%20by%20geophysicists%20to%20measure%20the%20deformation%20of%20the%20Earth.%20Linear%20strain%20meters%20measure%20the%20changes%20in%20the%20distance%20between%20two%20points%2C%20using%20either%20a%20solid%20piece%20of%20material%20(over%20a%20short%20distance)%20or%20a%20laser%20interferometer%20(over%20a%20long%20distance%2C%20up%20to%20several%20hundred%20meters).%20The%20type%20using%20a%20solid%20length%20standard%20was%20invented%20by%20Benioff%20in%201932%2C%20using%20an%20iron%20pipe%3B%20later%20instruments%20used%20rods%20made%20of%20fused%20quartz.%20Modern%20instruments%20of%20this%20type%20can%20make%20measurements%20of%20length%20changes%20over%20very%20small%20distances%2C%20and%20are%20commonly%20placed%20in%20boreholes%20to%20measure%20small%20changes%20in%20the%20diameter%20of%20the%20borehole.%20Another%20type%20of%20borehole%20instrument%20detects%20changes%20in%20a%20volume%20filled%20with%20fluid%20(such%20as%20silicone%20oil).%20The%20most%20common%20type%20is%20the%20dilatometer%20invented%20by%20Sacks%20and%20Evertson%20in%20the%20USA%20(patent%203%2C635%2C076)%3B%20a%20design%20that%20uses%20specially%20shaped%20volumes%20to%20measure%20the%20strain%20tensor%20has%20been%20developed%20by%20Sakata%20in%20Japan.%0A%5BSource%3A%20Wikipedia%20%5D%0A%0AAll%20these%20types%20of%20strain%20meters%20can%20measure%20deformation%20over%20frequencies%20from%20a%20few%20Hz%20to%20periods%20of%20days%2C%20months%2C%20and%20years.%20This%20allows%20them%20to%20measure%20signals%20at%20lower%20frequencies%20than%20can%20be%20detected%20with%20seismometers.%20Most%20strain%20meter%20records%20show%20signals%20from%20the%20earth%20tides%2C%20and%20seismic%20waves%20from%20earthquakes.%20At%20longer%20periods%2C%20they%20can%20also%20record%20the%20gradual%20accumulation%20of%20stress%20(physics)%20caused%20by%20plate%20tectonics%2C%20the%20release%20of%20this%20stress%20in%20earthquakes%2C%20and%20rapid%20changes%20of%20stress%20following%20earthquakes.%0A%0AThe%20most%20extensive%20network%20of%20strain%20meters%20is%20installed%20in%20Japan%3B%20it%20includes%20mostly%20quartz-bar%20instruments%20in%20tunnels%20and%20borehole%20strain%20meters%2C%20with%20a%20few%20laser%20instruments.%20Starting%20in%202003%20there%20has%20been%20a%20major%20effort%20(the%20Plate%20Boundary%20Observatory)%20to%20install%20many%20more%20strain%20meters%20along%20the%20Pacific%2FNorth-America%20plate%20boundary%20in%20the%20United%20States.%20The%20aim%20is%20to%20install%20about%20100%20borehole%20strain%20meters%2C%20primarily%20in%20Washington%2C%20Oregon%20and%20California%2C%20and%20five%20laser%20strain%20meters%2C%20all%20in%20California.%0A%0A%0AGroup%3A%20Instrument_Details%0A%20%20%20Entry_ID%3A%20STRAIN%20METER%0A%20%20%20Group%3A%20Instrument_Identification%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20Instrument_Category%3A%20In%20Situ%2FLaboratory%20Instruments%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20Instrument_Class%3A%20Pressure%2FHeight%20Meters%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20Short_Name%3A%20STRAIN%20METER%0A%20%20%20End_Group%0A%20%20%20Group%3A%20Associated_Platforms%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20Short_Name%3A%20FIELD%20INVESTIGATION%0A%20%20%20End_Group%0A%20%20%20Online_Resource%3A%20http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FStrainmeter%0A%20%20%20Sample_Image%3A%20http%3A%2F%2Fwww.techbriefs.com%2Fimages%2Fstories%2Ffeatures%2F2007%2Fappbrief_1207a.png%0A%20%20%20Creation_Date%3A%202009-04-23%0AEnd_Group%22){kind=link}