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- 32bf646d-d80c-49be-aee8-87ccdd4785af definition "The Miocene Epoch, 23.03 to 5.3 million years ago, was a time of warmer global climates than those in the preceeding Oligocene or the following Pliocene and it's notable in that two major ecosystems made their first appearances: kelp forests and grasslands. The expansion of grasslands is correlated to a drying of continental interiors as the global climate first warmed and then cooled. The overall pattern of biological change for the Miocene is one of expanding open vegetation systems (such as deserts, tundra, and grasslands) at the expense of diminishing closed vegetation (such as forests). This led to a rediversification of temperate ecosystems and many morphological changes in animals. Mammals and birds in particular developed new forms, whether as fast-running herbivores, large predatory mammals and birds, or small quick birds and rodents. Plant studies of the Miocene have focused primarily on spores and pollen. Such studies show that by the end of the Miocene 95% of modern seed plant families existed, and that no such families have gone extinct since the middle of the Miocene. A mid-Miocene warming, followed by a cooling is considered responsible for the retreat of tropical ecosystems, the expansion of northern coniferous forests, and increased seasonality. With this change came the diversification of modern graminoids, especially grasses and sedges. In addition to changes on land, important new ecosystems in the sea led to new forms there. Kelp forests appeared for the first time, as did sea otters and other critters unique to those environments. At the same time, such ocean-going mammals as the Desmostylia went extinct." @default.
- 32bf646d-d80c-49be-aee8-87ccdd4785af id "1648543" @default.
- 32bf646d-d80c-49be-aee8-87ccdd4785af path_id a9f88ca9-5d19-45fa-8fbb-3c6ff5f1f190 @default.
- 32bf646d-d80c-49be-aee8-87ccdd4785af path_id af145656-986a-4969-bb77-6e5b2cff1ede @default.
- 32bf646d-d80c-49be-aee8-87ccdd4785af path_id db5be985-d8dc-4063-abff-4cbd8eb39653 @default.
- 32bf646d-d80c-49be-aee8-87ccdd4785af path_id e5a3aed9-de46-4903-a999-f9f8bcdf1cd7 @default.
- 32bf646d-d80c-49be-aee8-87ccdd4785af path_label "CENOZOIC" @default.
- 32bf646d-d80c-49be-aee8-87ccdd4785af path_label "Chronostratigraphic Units" @default.
- 32bf646d-d80c-49be-aee8-87ccdd4785af path_label "NEOGENE" @default.
- 32bf646d-d80c-49be-aee8-87ccdd4785af path_label "PHANEROZOIC" @default.
- 32bf646d-d80c-49be-aee8-87ccdd4785af prefLabel "MIOCENE" @default.
- 32bf646d-d80c-49be-aee8-87ccdd4785af reference "International Commission on Stratigraphy (http://www.stratigraphy.org/)" @default.
- 32bf646d-d80c-49be-aee8-87ccdd4785af tag "Chronostratigraphic Units" @default.