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- 56d66737-1ad5-4f21-bb87-bb8b5c0736fa definition "Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR)is a noninvasive electromagnetic geophysical technique for subsurface exploration, characterization and monitoring (history). It is widely used in locating lost utilities, environmental site characterization and monitoring, agriculture, archaeological and forensic investigation, unexploded ordnance and land mine detection, groundwater, pavement and infrastructure characterization, mining, ice sounding, permafrost, void, cave and tunnel detection, sinkholes, subsidence, karst, and a host of other applications. It may be deployed from the surface by hand or vehicle, in boreholes, between boreholes, from aircraft and from satellites. It has the highest resolution of any geophysical method for imaging the subsurface, with centimeter scale resolution sometimes possible. Resolution is controlled by wavelength of the propagating electromagnetic wave in the ground. Resolution increases with increasing frequency (shorter wavelength). Depth of investigation varies from less than one meter in mineralogical clay soils like montmorillonite to more than 5,400 meters in polar ice. Depth of investigation increases with decreasing frequency but with decreasing resolution. Typical depths of investigation in fresh-water saturated, clay-free sands are about 30 meters. Depths of investigation (and resolution) are controlled by electrical properties through conduction losses, dielectric relaxation in water, electrochemical reactions at the mineralogical clay-water interface, scattering losses, and (rarely) magnetic relaxation losses in iron bearing minerals. Scattering losses are the result of spatial scales of heterogeneity approaching the size of the wavelength in the ground (like the difference between an ice cube and a snowball in scattering visib le light). Detectability of objects in the ground depends upon their size, shape, and orientation relative to the antenna, contrast with the host medium, as well as radiofrequency noise and interferences. Additional information available at 'http://www.g-p-r.com/' [Summary provided by Gary R. Olhoeft]" @default.
- 56d66737-1ad5-4f21-bb87-bb8b5c0736fa id "1654725" @default.
- 56d66737-1ad5-4f21-bb87-bb8b5c0736fa path_id 6015ef7b-f3bd-49e1-9193-cc23db566b69 @default.
- 56d66737-1ad5-4f21-bb87-bb8b5c0736fa path_id 662347ea-36e2-42fe-9189-f22eb8f022ee @default.
- 56d66737-1ad5-4f21-bb87-bb8b5c0736fa path_id 6c5ca722-0bc7-4ccd-ad24-39b9d8710140 @default.
- 56d66737-1ad5-4f21-bb87-bb8b5c0736fa path_id b2140059-b3ca-415c-b0a7-3e142783ffe8 @default.
- 56d66737-1ad5-4f21-bb87-bb8b5c0736fa path_id c8fe757b-b530-4d67-a553-e4903f4430a5 @default.
- 56d66737-1ad5-4f21-bb87-bb8b5c0736fa path_label "Active Remote Sensing" @default.
- 56d66737-1ad5-4f21-bb87-bb8b5c0736fa path_label "Earth Remote Sensing Instruments" @default.
- 56d66737-1ad5-4f21-bb87-bb8b5c0736fa path_label "Instruments" @default.
- 56d66737-1ad5-4f21-bb87-bb8b5c0736fa path_label "Profilers/Sounders" @default.
- 56d66737-1ad5-4f21-bb87-bb8b5c0736fa path_label "Radar Sounders" @default.
- 56d66737-1ad5-4f21-bb87-bb8b5c0736fa prefLabel "GPR" @default.
- 56d66737-1ad5-4f21-bb87-bb8b5c0736fa reference "" @default.
- 56d66737-1ad5-4f21-bb87-bb8b5c0736fa tag "Instruments" @default.