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- W1001059097 abstract "Two-component systems and phosphorelays are major mechanisms by which microorganisms sense environmental stimuli and respond by gene activation and other means. Phosphorelays are used where several signals impinge on the regulatory pathway and, in the sporulation phosphorelay, at least, where the flow through the pathway is subject to several phosphatases acting on the response regulator domains. While multidomain kinases and phosphorelays are rare in bacteria, they are the rule in eukaryotes; two-component systems and CheA-like kinases are not found in eukaryotes. The original compilation of two-component systems in E. coli categorized the systems on the basis of homology of the DNA-binding domains of the response regulator. The two largest families of two-component systems are the OmpR (class III) and NarL (class II) families based on the structures of their DNA-binding domains. Clostridium acetobutylicum is the only gram-positive obligate anaerobe whose genome has been fully sequenced to date. In the phosphorelay, two families of phosphatases, the Rap and the SpoOE families, specifically dephosphorylate the SpoOF~P and SpoOA~P response regulators, respectively. These phosphatases are differentially induced by physiological conditions antithetical to sporulation, such as those conditions that promote growth or competence to DNA transformation. The competition between signal input provided by the kinases and signal cancellation carried out by the phosphatases determines the final output of the system and therefore whether or not the cell will initiate the process of sporulation." @default.
- W1001059097 created "2016-06-24" @default.
- W1001059097 creator A5020986127 @default.
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- W1001059097 date "2014-04-30" @default.
- W1001059097 modified "2023-10-18" @default.
- W1001059097 title "Two-Component Systems, Phosphorelays, and Regulation of Their Activities by Phosphatases" @default.
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- W1001059097 doi "https://doi.org/10.1128/9781555817992.ch33" @default.
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