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- W100222844 abstract "Al-Muzawaka cut-rock tombs are situated at Dakhla oases, Egypt. The tombs belong to the Roman period, 1st century. They represent a unique deterioration phenomenon because of the effect of geological area and the types of rocks. There is a serious depression at the ceiling of the tombs and the fall of some mural paintings covering their walls and roofs. The chapter summarizes the research conducted to study the geoarchaeology of these Egyptian tombs, to investigate their unique deterioration phenomenon, and to find out a solution for conservation and preservation of these tombs. X-ray diffraction, (XRD) infrared, and thermal analysis (DTA and TGA) were carried out for rocks of the plateau and the mural paintings of Al-Muzawaka tombs. Polarizing microscope and scanning electron microscope attached with EDX examinations were also conducted. The data analysis showed that rocks constituting the plateau of AI-Muzawaka tombs are shale interbedded with laminae of gypsum and anhydrite. XRD, DTA and TGA, and infrared analysis confirmed that the shale consists mainly of montmorillonite with trace amount of kaolinite and illite in the clay fraction. Anhydrite and gypsum are present as interlaminae between the clay and shale strata. The data analysis of mural paintings indicated that the blue pigment consists of Egyptian blue, the green one is Egyptian green, the brown pigment is red ochre, and the ground layer consists essentially of gypsum. The serious deterioration phenomenon of the tombs is because of the swelling of montmorillonite mineral and the transformation of anhydrite to gypsum. The rock is not capped with another formation, so it is exposed directly to the atmospheric degradation factors like humidity and variations in temperature. Also, the presence of Na in halite and K in illite enhances the swelling capacity of the clay. Stabilization of the ceiling of the tombs can be carried out by using styrene and lime wash." @default.
- W100222844 created "2016-06-24" @default.
- W100222844 creator A5080308615 @default.
- W100222844 date "2000-01-01" @default.
- W100222844 modified "2023-09-23" @default.
- W100222844 title "Geoegyptology of Al-Muzawaka Tombs, Dakhla Oases, Egypt" @default.
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- W100222844 doi "https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-044450517-0/50090-8" @default.
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