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• W100360021 abstract "High-energy particle accelerators produce intense charged particle beams, e.g. of electrons or protons, at multi-GeV or multi-TeV energies, either shooting a single such beam against a fixed target or colliding two beams, in order to produce new particles and to study the scattering events in the search for the fundamental laws of physics. In the beam pipe of these accelerators an “electron cloud” can be generated by a variety of processes, e.g. by residualgas ionization, by photoemission from synchrotron radiation, and, most importantly, by secondary emission via a “beam-induced multipactoring” process [1]. The electron accumulation is most pronounced for positively charged particle beams, consisting e.g. of positrons or protons. The electron cloud causes a number of undesirable effects: It commonly leads to a degradation of the beam vacuum by several orders of magnitude [1-2], to fast beam “instabilities” [3-7], to beam size increases, as well as to fast or slow beam losses [3-8]. Since more than 40 years, electron-cloud effects of various flavors have been observed with particle beams. They have often limited the ultimate accelerator performance. The electron cloud is a concern for the new 27-km 14-TeV Large Hadron Collider (LHC), soon to start operation at the European Organization for Nuclear Research, CERN, whose accelerator complex is shown in Fig. 1. Several electroncloud effects are already being observed with LHC-type beam in the lower-energy LHC injectors, especially in the Super Proton Synchrotron (SPS) and the Proton Synchrotron (PS). At the new machine, the LHC proper, the cloud electrons can also give rise to a heat load inside the cold superconducting magnets [9-10] which, if exceeding the limited cooling capacity at cryogenic temperature, could lead to the magnets’ transition into the normal-conducting state (“quench”). In addition to the direct heat deposition from incoherently moving electrons, the possibility of a “magnetron effect” has also been conjectured, where electrons would radiate coherently when moving in a strong magnetic field under the simultaneous influence of a beam-induced electric “wake” field that might become resonant with the cyclotron frequency. In particle accelerators, there is another similar, but more violent, class of processes involving secondary electron emission and electron amplification, namely the multipactoring and breakdown phenomena which limit the accelerating gradient in normalor super-conducting radiofrequency (rf) cavities used for beam acceleration and for longitudinal focusing. These rf-induced processes can lead to a “trip” of the affected rf cavity, normally resulting in immediate beam loss. Many of the cures initially developed to combat electron multipacting and breakdown in rf cavities, like surface coating with TiN [11], fine surface grooves [12], solenoidal magnetic fields [13], injection of uncorrelated microwaves [14], or ~kV dc electric bias fields at the rf couplers [14], have also proven effective against the beam-induced electron cloud." @default.
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• W100360021 date "2009-01-31" @default.
• W100360021 modified "2023-09-27" @default.
• W100360021 title "Beam-Induced Multipactoring and Electron-Cloud Effects in Particle Accelerators" @default.
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