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• W100502415 abstract "Wherever the solar wind meets a neutral atmosphere, X-rays are emitted by a charge exchange process between the neutrals and heavy solar wind ions. A hybrid simulation of the solar wind-Mars interaction and a test particle simulation of heavy ion trajectories near Mars is used to compute the contribution from charge exchange processes to the X-ray emission from Mars. The results are compared to observations of X-rays from Mars made with the Chandra telescope [1]. The comparison indicates that the solar wind charge exchange process is a likely candidate for the production of the X-ray halo at Mars. The calculations were performed in three steps. First the solar wind parameters were estimated. We compare the results of two different solar wind parameter estimates: A ballistic model based on data obtained by the WIND spacecraft, and an MHD model using input from interplanetary scintillation measurements. These two models produce X-ray images with significantly different structure. The intensity of the X-ray emissions and the size of the X-ray halo are also found to increase with an increasing exobase neutral temperature [2]. The second step was running a hybrid simulation of the interaction between the solar wind and Mars to obtain the electric and magnetic fields around Mars. As a third step a test particle simulation was run, calculating the trajectories of heavy solar wind ions in the electric and magnetic fields that were obtained from the hybrid simulation. The X-ray emission density was saved on a grid for each time step of the test particle simulation. A hundred thousand trajectories were calculated for each of the ion species O, C, O, O, Mg, Mg, Si, N, C, Ne, Fe, S, Si, Fe, and Mg. These simulations show that the contribution from the solar wind charge exchange process to the X-ray emissions from the halo is large enough to explain the observed X-ray flux [3]. Recent observations of X-rays from Mars using XMM-Newton [4] have provided new data that will enable us to refine the simulation models and increase our understanding of the physical processes involved. ∗ Electronic address: herbert.gunell@physics.org; URL: http://www.irf.se/∼herbert † Currently at NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Laboratory for Solar and Space Physics, Mail Code 612.2, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA [1] K. Dennerl, “Discovery of X-rays from Mars with Chandra,” Astronomy & Astrophysics, vol. 394, pp. 1119– 1128, doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20021116, 2002. [2] H. Gunell, M. Holmstrom, E. Kallio, P. Janhunen, and K. Dennerl, “Simulations of X-rays from solar wind charge exchange at Mars: Parameter dependence,” Adv. Space Res., in press, 2005. [3] H. Gunell, M. Holmstrom, E. Kallio, P. Janhunen, and K. Dennerl, “X-rays from solar wind charge exchange at Mars: A comparison of simulations and observations,” Geophys. Res. Lett., vol. 31, L22801, doi:10.1029/ 2004GL020953, 2004. [4] K. Dennerl, C. M. Lisse, A. Bhardwaj, V. Burwitz, J. Englhauser, H. Gunell, M. Holmstrom, F. Jansen, V. Kharchenko, and P. M. Rodŕiguez-Pascual, “Mars observed with XMM-Newton high resolution X-ray spectroscopy with RGS,” submitted to Astronomy & Astrophysics, 2005. 2 Solar Wind Charge Exchange (SWCX) Heavy, multiply charged, ions in the solar wind undergo charge exchange collisions with neutrals in the exosphere. For example: O + H → O6+∗ + H This leaves an excited ion that returns to the ground state by emitting photons in the soft X-ray range. O6+∗ → O + hν This process is responsible for the emission of X-rays from comets. Simulation of charge exchange X-rays at Mars 1. The solar wind parameters are estimated from WIND data. 2. A 3D hybrid simulation using these input parameters⇒ ~ E and ~ B. 3. A test particle simulation for the heavy, multiply charged, ions (O, C, O, O, Mg, Mg, Si, N, C, Ne, Fe, S, Si, Fe, and Mg). 3 Simulation technique Parameter estimation from WIND data 02 Jul 03 Jul 03 Jul 04 Jul 04 Jul 05 Jul 05 Jul 06 Jul Time leaving Earth T im e re ac hi ng M ar s Earth 2 July Mars 4 July Sun 6° 00:00 06:00 12:00 18:00 00:00 −450 −400 −350 −300" @default.
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• W100502415 date "2005-12-01" @default.
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• W100502415 title "Solar Wind Charge Exchange X-rays at Mars" @default.
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