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• W100978229 abstract "Biodiesel is a promising green substitute for petroleum diesel fuel because it is nontoxic, biodegradable, and a cleaner burning fuel derived from renewable resources. Currently, the most common way to produce biodiesel is through the transesterification of triglycerides with alcohol over a catalyst. Homogeneous base catalysts (e.g. NaOH and KOH) are usually employed commercially for their high activities and low costs. However, they promote the formation of an unwanted soap by-product in the presence of water and free fatty acids (FFA), which are usually abundant in low-grade, unrefined oils and greases. This not only creates serious problems of product separation, ultimately decreasing the yield and generating a large amount of wastewater; but it also prevents the utilization of cheap, non-edible feedstock oils, which is crucial to the economization and commercialization of biodiesel production. To overcome such problems associated with homogeneous catalysis, this thesis aims to develop an effective heterogeneous base catalyst that can be recycled and reused to simplify the product separation and purification steps. Functionalized mesporous silica and mixed oxides derived from layered double hydroxide (LDH) have uniform structures and high surface areas, which are ideal as catalysts for large organic molecules. Their chemical and physical properties can be easily controlled through modification of their surface groups or composition, and thus they are investigated as heterogeneous base catalysts for the triglyceride transesterification in this thesis. The first part of this study compares the catalytic activity of MgO-functionalized mesoporous silica in the transesterification of vegetable oil with ethanol at 473 K by varying the following parameters of the catalyst: • Type of silica support; • Catalyst loading method; • Type of precursor salt used; and • The amount of MgO loading. Then in the second part of the study, mixed oxide catalysts derived from Mg-Co-Al-La LDH of various Mg:Co:Al:La ratios are compared in terms of their performance in the transesterification of canola oil with ethanol at 473 K. The effects of the following experimental parameters on the kinetics of transesterification using the Mg2CoAl catalyst are evaluated: • Reaction temperature; • Mixing intensity; • Particle size; • Ethanol-to-oil molar ratio; • Catalyst concentration; and • FFA and water contents in the feedstock. Both types of catalysts can achieve high yields of over 90 % at high reaction rates, while demonstrating good chemical stability. Nevertheless, from a commercial standpoint, the impregnated mesoporous catalysts are disadvantaged by their time-consuming and labour-intensive preparation methods. Therefore, the LDH-derived catalysts are more thoroughly studied in terms of the kinetics and optimization of the reaction. Besides its high activity, the LDH-derived catalysts also demonstrated excellent stability and reusability, maintaining its activity even after seven cycles. Its robustness and tolerance to FFA and water content in the feedstock make it a highly promising candidate for industrial applications, where cheap raw materials can be used to produce biodiesel economically. Furthermore, in contrast to the fine mesoporous silica powder, LDH’s macroscopic form eliminates problems such as product separation and significant pressure drop, making it suitable for operation in a packed-bed reactor for continuous biodiesel synthesis. In order to gain additional insight into the kinetics of the reaction, this thesis also develops two mathematic models for the Mg2CoAl-catalyzed transesterification of canola oil based on first-order and second-order kinetics, respectively. Although only an approximation to the actual reaction mechanism, the mathematical models have been important in the understanding of the kinetics of heterogeneous transesterification, providing valuable information for process design and optimization. This study provides a window to understanding how different attributes of base solid catalysts correlate to its catalytic activity in transesterification, and help bridge the knowledge gap in their application in biodiesel synthesis. It also highlights the need of further research on the reaction mechanisms that take place on the catalyst surface in a three-phase catalytic system, so that the rate of the transesterification reaction can be further improved." @default.
• W100978229 created "2016-06-24" @default.
• W100978229 creator A5058033373 @default.
• W100978229 date "2010-03-01" @default.
• W100978229 modified "2023-09-27" @default.
• W100978229 title "Development of a Heterogeneous Base Catalyst for the Transesterification of Triglycerides with Ethanol for Biodiesel Production" @default.
• W100978229 hasPublicationYear "2010" @default.
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