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• W101261637 abstract "A chromosome is the packaged form of a single linear double-helical DNA molecule. The genome of a eukaryotic organism consists of from 1 to over 200 chromosomes. Chromosomes are located in the nucleus of the cell and exist in the form of chromatin, a complex between DNA, histones (small, highly basic proteins), nonhistone chromosomal proteins (both enzymatic complexes and structural components), and a small amount of RNA (both nascent transcripts and structural components). The numbers and sizes of chromosomes vary considerably among species (Drosophila melanogaster has four chromosomes per haploid cell, Homo sapiens (human) has 23, etc.). As cells enter mitosis, the chromatin is condensed into readily observed, rod-shaped structures, the metaphase chromosomes; a complex process, as described below, is required to package the linear DNA molecule in this form, typically achieving 10 000-fold compactness. Metaphase chromosomes were one of the first subcellular structures observed by cell biologists of the nineteenth century. Chromosomes were subsequently identified as the vehicle for transmission of genetic information during cell division. As the daughter cells return to interphase, the nucleus reforms, and the chromosomes are decondensed and distributed within the nucleus. The level of DNA packing is much lower during interphase, but is of critical importance in the regulation of gene expression. All genetic information – genes, regulatory elements, and signals for structural organization – is arranged linearly along chromosomes. The chromosomes provide not only the means for inheritance, but also the template for transcription, the process of reading out the information required by the cell. Different and specific expression profiles are needed for each cell type and stage of development. A full understanding of the mechanisms used in the global regulation of gene expression will not be achieved until the relationships between the linear content of each chromosome, its local and higher-order packaging, or chromatin structure, and the three-dimensional arrangement of the chromosomes in the nucleus have been defined." @default.
• W101261637 created "2016-06-24" @default.
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• W101261637 date "2013-01-01" @default.
• W101261637 modified "2023-09-27" @default.
• W101261637 title "Chromosome Organization and Structure, Overview" @default.
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• W101261637 doi "https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-378630-2.00422-9" @default.
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