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• W103416557 abstract "The identification of trauma in non-adult skeletons (aged less than 17 years) is limited comparedwith the rates recorded in adult samples. One of the reasons for this is that fractures behavedifferently in children. It is not that children did not suffer injury in the past, but the nature ofimmature bone and rapid repair can mask the subtle changes, meaning rates of non-adult traumaare almost certainly an underestimate. The most common forms of injury in the child today aredue to motor vehicle accidents, falls (5-10-year-olds), intentional abuse (infants) and recreationalsports injuries (adolescents) (Wilber and Thompson 1998). In the past, play, occupation, warfareand physical abuse all exposed children to trauma. Although the causes behind skeletal injuriesmay have changed over time, the nature of paediatric bone and its reaction to trauma has not.An examination of the type and distribution of trauma in children from past societies may helpus to identify the nature of activity in which these children were engaged. Some cases of physicalinjury in the child documented in the past will be invisible to the osteologist; these includedrowning, burns, ingestion of a foreign object or choking. Glencross (2011) emphasizes theimportance of examining trauma patterns from a life course perspective, matching social agewith cultural agency that dictates when certain activities take place. The biological and socialdevelopment of the child will also influence the types of trauma to which they will be exposed.Between birth and two years, children are almost entirely dependent on adults for their wellbeing and can suffer from abuse and neglect; as they develop physically and become moreindependent, the child’s social and cultural involvement increases. Therefore, today, long bonefractures in children before the age of two years are suspicious of abuse, whereas in children agedbetween two and three years fractures may occur as part of the process of learning to walk andclimb (Brown and Fisher 2004).Trauma is also culturally defined and types of injury may vary considerably across popula-tions due to socio-economic conditions, the levels of urbanization, subsistence strategies,technological advances, cultural practice and other population characteristics (Cheng and Shen1993). This can render broad comparisons across sites and time periods meaningless. Most ofthe information we can gather about the incidence, type and pattern of fractures is derivedfrom modern clinical literature and tends to be the result of child recreational activity that didnot exist in the past, so male to female ratios and age at which fractures occurred may not berelevant. It is a necessity that we glean what we can from reported cases of child trauma in thearchaeological literature, while being aware that these may only represent a snapshot of the factors that surrounded the trauma, and in many cases are isolated events. Given the paucity of datafor child trauma in the past, we need to be cautious about how we interpret the lack of evidence. For example, Glencross (2011) takes the absence of fractures in the infants fromthe Indian Knoll in Kentucky as highlighting the importance of family responsibility and socialcare of the child. This may be the case, but in order to make such statements, we need first to besure that we are adequately equipped to identify trauma in such tiny remains. We should also beaware that overreliance on the most obvious cases of child fracture, due to our inability toidentify milder forms, may misrepresent those most at risk from trauma, or highlight moreextreme accidents over everyday injuries (Glencross and Stuart-Macadam 2001). This chapterwill first outline the mechanics behind child trauma before reviewing what can be gleaned fromdata compiled from a survey of published and unpublished injuries from across the world. Bytaking a more holistic view of the data, an attempt will be made to explore what the types andrates of child trauma reveal about how they were raised, the dangers to which they wereexposed, when they were put to work and if, or at what age, they became engaged in warfare." @default.
• W103416557 created "2016-06-24" @default.
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• W103416557 date "2014-01-01" @default.
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• W103416557 title "Sticks and stones: exploring the nature and significance of child trauma in the past" @default.
• W103416557 doi "https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315883366-13" @default.
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