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- W1043684383 abstract "Publisher Summary This chapter explores the significance of astrocytes in the case of hepatic encephalopathy (HE). During HE, the astrocyte initially has the appearance of a hypertrophic cell, but it subsequently develops degenerative alterations. It is during this latter phase that the astrocyte has the appearance of the Alzheimer type II cell. Because astrocytes have clearly been shown to be the cells where ammonia is metabolized, it is understood that the astrocyte change is the morphological expression of its involvement in ammonia metabolism—initially undergoing hypertrophy (and possibly hyperplasia) in an attempt to detoxify ammonia. Subsequently, degenerative changes develop, possibly resulting from bioenergetic failure incurred by the process of ammonia detoxification. Subsequently, normal astroglial functions are not being performed, thus, leading to defective CNS function. Sadly, the etiology and pathogenesis of HE are not known.The principal, and frequently the only, histopathological alteration in the brain of patients dying from HE is an alteration in astrocytes known as the Alzheimer type II change. Neuronal changes remain absent. It has been observed that in hematoxylin–eosin preparations, this altered astrocyte is characterized by a chromatin-poor, vacuolated, enlarged, and frequently lobulated nucleus. There have been very few reports on electron microscopy of hepatic encephalopathy in humans; in a study of a cortical biopsy portocaval shunt of a patient revealed that the most important changes occurred in astrocytes. The nuclei were enlarged and irregular and contained coarse chromatin. The amount of cytoplasm was increased and numerous ribosomes were present. The processes of these cells were broadened, and there was an increased amount of glycogen." @default.
- W1043684383 created "2016-06-24" @default.
- W1043684383 creator A5054202830 @default.
- W1043684383 date "1981-01-01" @default.
- W1043684383 modified "2023-10-18" @default.
- W1043684383 title "The Astrocyte in Liver Disease" @default.
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