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• W105467519 abstract "NAJP: Let's hear about recent revision of Bender-Gestalt but before that can you give some historical background on test? GB: The Bender-Gestalt actually titled Visual Motor Gestalt evolved from research of Gestalt psychologist, Max Wertheimer (1923). He studied organizing principles of perception using geometric designs. He would present these designs to his subjects and ask them to describe what they saw. Lauretta Bender, a psychiatrist, was intrigued by Wertheimer's studies and wanted to see how psychiatric patients would experience these designs. However, because it was not always possible to get patients to verbalize their perceptions, she adapted nine of designs, put them on cards, and asked patients to draw them with pencil on paper. Her research on test was detailed in her 1938 monograph A Visual Motor Gestalt Test and Its Clinical Use. The monograph also provided clinicians with an elaborate scoring system and normative data on maturation of visual-motor-gestalt functioning in children from 3 to 11 years of age, as well as descriptions of performance of individuals with organic and functional pathological conditions. NAJP: Can you describe Bender's scoring system? GB: Bender's scoring system evaluated overall quality of reproduction of each design on a scale of 1 to 5 on one design to 1 to 7 on others. She provided detailed descriptions of each point on scale for each design. For example, on Design 6 a score of 1 was given for an inhibited scribble, a score of 4 was given for two wavy lines crossing at right angles, and a score of 6 was given for perfection. Her scoring system was cumbersome and it did not generate much research interest. However, it did stimulate others to research new methods of administering and scoring test. NAJP: Can you describe some of scoring systems that evolved from Bender's work? GB: The Bender-Gestalt Test came to be used for neurological, psychopathological, and educational assessment purposes. Two types of scoring systems evolved: global systems and deviation systems. Global systems evaluate overall intactness of reproductions. Deviation systems inspect reproductions for specific signs that are believed to have clinical relevance. As an example, I can describe a deviation system, Elizabeth Koppitz's (1963) Developmental Bender Scoring System; and a global system, my (with Nancy Brunner; 2002) Qualitative Scoring System. Our System consists of 30 discrete errors (distortion, rotation, integration, perseveration) across nine designs. The Qualitative Scoring System evaluates overall accuracy of each drawing on a 6-point scale. For Design 6, for example, a score of 0 would be given for scribbling, random lines, absence of design; a score of 3 for two lines crossing at or near center with some attempt at waves; and a score of 5 for accurate representation. So far most of scoring systems that are available are deviation systems. Both types provide useful information for clinicians. NAJP: What got you interested in Bender-Gestalt in first place? GB: I was introduced to test during my undergraduate years in 1960s at Fairfield University. Actually, I first saw designs in an Introductory Psychology course. Later, during my senior year, I had good fortune to be selected as a research assistant by Alex Tolor, a clinical psychologist and noted authority on Bender-Gestalt. His comprehensive book An Evaluation of Bender-Gestalt Test, published with Herbert Schulberg in 1963, examined research on test from its beginning through early 1960s. It was called by some the bible for Bender-Gestalt Test. I was surprised at simplicity of test and impressed by prominent role it assumed in psychological assessment battery. However, it was not until I was in graduate school at University of Delaware that I began to learn intricacies of test. …" @default.
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• W105467519 date "2013-06-01" @default.
• W105467519 modified "2023-09-23" @default.
• W105467519 title "An Interview with Gary Brannigan: Revising the Bender-Gestalt Test" @default.
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