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• W107079118 abstract "Large-scale gravitational creep of rock masses on slopes is a type of slow landsliding, in which zones of creep can extend a hundred metres or so below the surface. It excludes movement of surficial materials, such as solifluction and debris flows. As used in this report, creep is the very slow downward and outward movement of a mass of earth material adjoining a slope, generally without the formation of a continuous rupture surface. Measured rates of large-scale rock creep range from about 2 cm per year to 20 cm per day. Large-scale rock creep on slopes has been observed, measured, and described in various parts of the world, including Europe, New Zealand, Iran, South America, and the United States. Numerous examples from these places show that creep proceeds in several different ways in different geologic settings: (1) by valley ward squeezing out of weak ductile rocks overlain by or interbedded with more rigid rocks, causing tensional fracturing and outward movement of the more rigid rocks as well, sometimes with upward bulging in the centers of valleys; (2) by distortion and buckling of dipping interbedded strong and weak rocks or by creeping of rigid over soft rocks without buckling; (3) by movement distributed over a thick zone in relatively uniform material; (4) by incremental movement along a dipping rough-surfaced plane; (5) by deep-seated bending, folding, and plastic flow of rocks on slopes; and (6) by bulging, spreading, and fracturing of steep-sided ridges in mountainous areas. There may be still other types of creep that have not yet been recognized. In some places creep of rock masses proceeds continuously, under normal gravitational stresses; in other places it occurs in increments and may or may not require a trigger, such as an earthquake. Creep is known to precede sudden, catastrophic sliding (creep rupture), as at the Vaiont Reservoir in Italy, but it also may continue for years with no sign of sudden or accelerated movement. The mechanism that produces “spreading” of mountain ridges with uphill-facing scarps and trenches on hillsides is still not completely understood. Earthquake shaking, tectonic uplift, rapid stream erosion, and steepening of valley sides with removal of lateral support by glaciers now melted, could all have acted, separately or in combination, to cause this type of movement. Gravitational forces acting on steep-sided ridges probably cause tensional spreading of the ridge, which causes the sides of the ridge to fracture. Movement along these fractures or along pre-existing discontinuities forms trenches and uphill-facing scarps as the sides of the ridge bulge outward and the top subsides. Recognition and understanding of large-scale gravitational creep is vital in site selection and design of major engineering structures, particularly in high mountains. Gravitational creep may change to sudden catastrophic slide movement, as well illustrated by the slide at Vaiont. In places where valley sides are moving horizontally or bulging outward, engineering structures in the valley bottom will be subjected to both upward and lateral pressure, owing to bowing up of the valley bottom or closing in of the sides." @default.
• W107079118 created "2016-06-24" @default.
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• W107079118 date "1978-01-01" @default.
• W107079118 modified "2023-10-03" @default.
• W107079118 title "Gravitational Creep of Rock Masses on Slopes" @default.
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• W107079118 doi "https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-444-41507-3.50025-8" @default.
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