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• W10999850 abstract "After almost a decade of basic science research on the Emotional Availability Scales, an intervention program based on the assessment instrument was developed. The intervention involves the training of parents and professional development for child care providers regarding attachment concepts and emotional availability, including both informational and experiential components. This paper describes the professional development program for child care professionals of infants and toddlers who are in child care centers at least 20 hours a week. It was proposed that attachment and emotional availability training for child care professionals would enhance their professional development related to children and improve the relational and emotional atmosphere of center-based care. The biological basis for attachment is the instinct to survive and seek protection during the vulnerable stages of infancy and early childhood. Thus, according to Bowlby (1980), attachment behaviors are observed across all cultures and throughout an individual's development. Approximately 70% of infants are secure in their attachments with their parents, while 30% tend to be insecure. These percentages apply to all economic backgrounds, cultural groups, mothers, and fathers in the United States (Bakermans-Kranenburg, van Ijzendoorn, & Juffer, 2003; Biringen, 2004). Researchers have studied attachment relationships for over 40 years, with the focus primarily on mothers (Biringen, 2004). Infant attachment security to the mother has been found to be predictive of later positive affect with preschool classmates and competence in school-age peer interactions (e.g., ego-resiliency, popularity with classmates, less social anxiety) (Bohlin, Hagekull, & Rydell, 2000; Waters, Wippman, & Sroufe, 1979). Securely attached infants and their mothers also show more positive interactions during joint book reading than insecurely attached infants (Bus & van Izjen doorn, 1992). Importance of Child Care Professionals as Attachment Figures and Relationship Partners Almost two decades ago, Goosens and van Ijzendoorn (1990) indicated the importance of caregivers other than the mother as attachment figures. Calculations from the 1999 National Survey of America's Families (NSAF) show that approximately half (48%) of mothers were in the workforce full-time (Urban Institute and Child Trends, 1999). Currently, 39% of children in the United States, and 36% of children under the age of 3, are spending 35 or more hours in center-based child care per week. Given the large numbers of infants in child care and particularly those who are at least half-time in child care, the quality of relationships with not only the mother but also with the child care provider becomes a particularly important area of investigation. Child care providers spend considerable amounts of time with the children in their care, and these relationships may offset varying social risk factors, such as teen parenting, caregiver chemical dependency, domestic violence, and/or parenting practices that are associated with negative child outcomes. Under such circumstances, child care providers may serve as a buffer to the primary attachment relationships with parents and thereby enhance a child's overall adjustment. In addition, child care providers may be able to partner with parents in an emotionally connected way and even provide role modeling for optimal adult-child interactions (Marty, Readdick, & Walters, 2005; Spieker, Nelson, Petras, Jolley, & Barnard, 2003; Zimmerman & Fassler, 2003). In fact, among children not securely attached to their parents, Howes and her colleagues report compensatory attachments to teachers (Howes, Rodning, Galluzzo, & Myers, 1988). Further, research supports the assertion that relationships with child care providers/teachers can predict children's social-emotional development. For example, Howes, Hamilton, and Matheson (1994) found that for children in child care, attachment with child care providers/teachers was a better predictor of peer relationships than attachment to mothers. …" @default.
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• W10999850 date "2008-01-01" @default.
• W10999850 modified "2023-09-26" @default.
• W10999850 title "The Emotional Availability (EA) Intervention with Child Care Professionals" @default.
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