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• W11111933 abstract "Extracts of tobacco plants show considerable promise as environmentally acceptable corrosion inhibitors. Use of extracts obtained from stems and twigs, as well as leaves, show significant corrosion inhibition during immersion of aluminum or steel in saline solutions and immersion of steel in strong pickling acids. In several cases, the inhibition is greater than that provided by chromates and is provided over a wide range of extract solution concentrations. When steel was treated in sulfuric acid with tobacco extract to remove mill scale and rust, the steel emerged bright and shiny. When treated in sulfuric acid alone, the steel was blackened and pitted. The tobacco extracts provide corrosion protection from a renewable resource with little or no environmental impact. The use of waste plant material enables an inexpensive source of corrosion inhibitors. INTRODUCTION There is a continual need to develop environmentally friendly corrosion inhibitors to replace the traditional inorganic corrosion inhibitors, such as chromates and lead, which have significant health, safety, and environmental concerns. Both are listed as persistent, bioaccumulative, and toxic (PBT) chemicals. Because PBT chemicals do not readily break down or decrease in potency in the environment, they accumulate and have greater potential to cause long-term human health or ecological problems. They continue to be an environmental concern long after they are used and the nation’s goal is to reduce the generation of these chemicals in hazardous waste by 50% by 2005 with source reduction and recycling, as intended by the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA), Clean Air Acts, the Pollution Prevention Act, and the Hazardous and Solid Waste Amendments (HSWA), among others. Thus, new, efCorrosion2001 Paper 1558 fective inhibitors that are safe and environmentally benign must be found. Extracts from tobacco plants show excellent corrosion inhibition properties for several metals. The tobacco plant is a virtual chemical factory with over 4,000 compounds being reported by the USDA. Tobacco is currently being evaluated as a production system for antibiotics, sugars, industrial enzymes, and anti-cancer and AIDS compounds. Some of the tobacco constituents show remarkable corrosion inhibitive properties. Tobacco extracts represent a major new initiative in the corrosion inhibition market with the following potential advantages: • Low cost and high effectiveness • Environmentally acceptable • Low toxicity • Readily available and renewable. At the beginning of the twentieth century and earlier, biomass, in the form of wood, was the major source of organic chemicals in the US. It is projected that in the coming years, biomass will again come to be viewed as an important, renewable feedstock for the wide range of needed chemicals. Biomass has a potential advantage over petrochemical feedstocks: it already contains a wide range of naturallysynthesized chemical compounds that can be extracted by straightforward processes, obviating the need for complex manufacturing syntheses from basic, petroleum-derived, building blocks. Tobacco should be viewed as an incredibly rich source of complex chemicals. Extraction of chemicals from biomass is a more attractive approach than merely using biomass to make fuels as the latter destroys these complex molecules. Corrosion inhibitors have been studied for many years [see, e.g., Ref. 10 and 11]. Many types of organic compounds have been found to act as inhibitors [see, e.g., Ref. 12 and 13], but most of these compounds have remained as laboratory data. One reason seems to have been that the cost of manufacture of these compounds is generally too high for the corrosion market. In contrast, tobacco extracts can be prepared at very low cost, especially if simple extract procedures can be used and scrap plant parts can be used without curing. Effective adsorbing inhibitors include aliphatic and aromatic amines, sulphur-compounds such as thiourea and substituted thioureas, carboxylic acids and their salts, aldehydes and ketones as well as numerous other organic substances. These substances exist either in the charged state or as neutral entities that are readily polarizable. Thus, in addition to the high surface adsorbability of N-, Sand O-compounds, the metal surface charge may be expected to affect adsorption. Synergistic (and antagonistic) effects are often found with mixtures of inhibitors and these effects may be related to the charge in the electrical double layer (edl) present between an electrode (the metal surface) and its environment. Tobacco products contain a high concentration of alkaloids, fatty acids and N-containing compounds, many of which might be anticipated to exhibit electrochemical activity. Some 4,000 individual constituents have been identified in tobacco but electrochemical activity, requiring the presence of polarizable nitrogen, oxygen and sulphur atoms, is likely only with a limited number of constituents. Polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons also may be electrochemically active due to their fused benzene ring system with its attendant charge dislocation. These tobacco constituents with anticipated electrochemical activity include terpenes, alcohols, polyphenols, carboxylic acids, nitrogen-containing compounds, and alkaloids. Although there are a few reports on the inhibitive properties of compounds that bear some resemblance to the constituents of tobacco, namely organic amines, 3-amino-5-heptyl-1,2,3-triazole (AHT), benzoyl allyl alcohol, pyrazole derivates and macrocyclic compounds, no direct parallels can be drawn with this present study. Corrosion2001 Paper 1558 EXPERIMENTAL Several different varieties of tobacco were evaluated in this study: NC129, KY171, MD609, B005, and Little Crittenden. Cured leaves, dried leaves, stems and twigs, and tobacco dust were tested to determine if the part of the plant or state of cure was important. Initial studies also included commercial tobacco products. Extractions were generally achieved via aqueous solutions. Solution concentrations were obtained by weighing the solution, boiling off the water, and weighing the residue. Metal panels were 1008/1010 cold-rolled steel and 3105 H24 aluminum Q-panels. Copper or brass was used to form a galvanic couple with aluminum or steel in some cases. Solutions were 1-3% NaCl. In some cases, potassium chromate or sodium dichromate was used as control inhibitors for comparisons. Other experiments included immersion in strong acids, such as those used in pickling treatments. Initial work included measuring galvanic current from metal couples using a zero-resistance ammeter (ZRA). Weight loss measurements were also occasionally performed. Subsequent work included measuring corrosion currents from potentiodynamic polarization using an EG&G (Perkin Elmer) 273 potentiostat. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The initial study compared the effects of 1% NaCl solution, 1% saline containing extracts from commercial tobacco products and 1% saline containing 1% of potassium chromate on several galvanic couples. Corrosion inhibition is denoted by a reduction in current density. Figure 1 (left) clearly shows that a simple aqueous extract of chewing tobacco leached out a powerful corrosion inhibitor, one that appeared to be more effective and more rapid in its action for the copper-steel galvanic couple than the established anodic passivating inhibitor, potassium chromate. ZRA studies on galvanic cells established between other metal pairs, including copper and aluminum, mild steel and aluminum, and brass and aluminum also demonstrated inhibition of corrosion through addition of aqueous tobacco product extracts (Figure 1 and Figure 2). In the case of couples involving aluminum, the corrosion current density decreased by one to almost three orders of magnitude compared to the uninhibited saline solution and a Figure 1. Corrosion current density of the steel-Cu (left) and Al-Cu (right) galvanic couple immersed in 1% NaCl solution with and without extracts from commercial tobacco products. The steel-Cu couple also includes potassium chromate. 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• W11111933 title "The Use of Tobacco Extracts as Corrosion Inhibitors" @default.
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