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• W112376429 abstract "Jupiter’s satellite Europa, whose surface is composed of ice with a possible water ocean beneath, could conceivably serve as an abode for extraterrestrial life. This and other icy celestial bodies may contain organic macromolecular solid material that is produced when surface ices are exposed to ultraviolet radiation and/or electrical energy. Tidal and tectonic stresses or meteorite impacts in icy crusts may produce electrical discharges, which would provide the energy for in-situ synthesis of the organic solids. This electrical energy can be provided by positive hole charge carrier activation. Positive holes exhibit properties such as the ability to flow out of the stressed ice volume, building up electrical potential gradients and forming electrical currents. (1,2) Electric Currents due to Stress-Activated Positive Hole Charge Carriers in Ice Cary Keller1,2,3, Friedemann Freund 1, Dale Cruikshank4 1SETI Institute, 2STAR Program, 3 Michigan Technological University, 4 NASA Ames Research Center Grant No. 0952013 and Grant No. 0833353 This material is based upon work supported by the S.D. Bechtel, Jr. Foundation and by the National Science Foundation under Grant No. 0952013 and Grant No. 0833353. Any opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the S.D. Bechtel, Jr. Foundation or the National Science Foundation. This project has also been made possible with support of the National Marine Sanctuary Foundation. The STAR program is administered by the Cal Poly Center for Excellence in Science and Mathematics Education (CESaME) on behalf of the California State University (CSU). References 1) Borucki, J., Khare, B., and Cruikshank, D. A new energy source for organic synthesis in Europa’s ice. Journal of Geophysical Research, 107, No. E11, 5114. 2002. 2) Freund, F. , Whang, E., Lee, J. Highly Mobile Hole Charge Carriers in Minerals: Key to the Enigmatic Electrical Earthquake Phenomena? in Electromagnetic Phenomena Related to Earthquake Prediction Ed. by Hayakawa, M. and Fujinawa, Y. 1994. Terra Scientific Publishing Co. : Tokyo. p. 271 292. 3) Petrenko, V., Whitworth, R. 1999. Physics of Ice. London: Oxford Press. 4) Platt , J. NASA'S Galileo Finds “Bottle Blonde” Chemical on Europa. http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/releases/99/europaperoxide.html. March 25, 1999 Europa poster background image: http://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/catalog/PIA00502 BACKGROUND Experiments on rock samples that were stressed under uniaxial compression have also shown a propensity for charge production due to defects in their crystal lattice structure which allow the propagation of positive charges within the material (1). In ice impact experiments, electrical charges were produced both during and after the impact episode. Generation of electric polarization of ice has been noted under non-uniform strain conditions, owing to defects in the ice crystal structure, known as Bjerrum and ionic defects (3) . By incorporating additional molecules into the ice crystal lattice, like hydrogen peroxide, a chemical formed by ionization of water, additional defects are formed, which may increase the electrical potential. Hydrogen peroxide appears on the icy surface of Jupiter's moon Europa, according to NASA's Galileo spacecraft. Hydrogen peroxide is formed constantly on Europa as Jupiter's energetic particles smash apart molecules on the surface to produce new chemicals, a process called radiolysis (4). RESULTS The data was analyzed and some conclusions may be drawn from this study: 1. Pure ice without hydrogen peroxide does not produce as much current as does ice with it. 2. Liquid nitrogen temperatures (-196°C) may be too low for a current to flow in the samples or the problems associated with making and testing the specimens did not allow for good measurement. 3. At dry-ice temperature (-78°C), both concentrations of hydrogen peroxide produce a current that in most cases appears related to the load. 4. Current-producing events in static ice, and/or during the loading process, may be caused by cracking along fracture lines or grain boundaries on which some charge separation has occurred. 5. Noise in the measurement of the electrical currents made it difficult to have good repeatable results. An improved sample preparation and testing setup would be helpful in reducing this noise. Stressing the ice generally created positive electric currents which is in agreement with findings by Petrenko and Whitworth (1999) who stated that “electric currents are carried in ice by the motion of protons, rather than electrons.” Freund et. al. (1994) described a similar relationship of the concept of positive holes in a rock matrix (peroxy defects) having been shown to produce positive electric current under loads and thermal stresses. Figure 4 provides a representation of good data showing a correlation of increasing current with load. An evaluation of the effects of temperature and hydrogen peroxide concentration showed a general increase in the maximum current change with increasing hydrogen peroxide concentration. Temperature effects on the maximum current change were less conclusive, due in part to a poor electrical response of the -196° samples which made an analysis of this effect difficult. Figure 4. Ideal plot of current vs. load" @default.
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• W112376429 date "2012-01-01" @default.
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• W112376429 title "Electric Currents Due to Stress-Activated Positive Hole Charge Carriers in Ice" @default.
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