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- W1131190635 abstract "Through comparative study of Muhammad Shukri (Choukri) and Jean Genet, this article situates Shukri as writer who utilizes poetics of inversion to call socially constituted discourses of authority into question. Like Genet, this aesthetic strategy allows him to uncover the systemic and symbolic forms of violence endemic in his society. Beyond their autobiographical narratives, Shukri's only published play, Al-Sa'ada (Happiness), is interpreted next to Genet's philosophy of theater to illustrate the way in which their dramatic texts work to confront their respective audiences with their own complicity in the perpetuation of unjust social hierarchies. ********** Al-sa'ada (Happiness), the only dramatic text by Muhammad Shukri (also spelled Mohamed Choukri) to ever appear in print, sat in drawer for nearly ten years before it was published. Shukri completed the play on March 3, 1971; it was finally included in an issue of Afaq in 1980, while the literary magazine was under Mohammed Berrada's direction. In his 1994 introduction to the play, Muhammad al-Harradi notes that it was only after Shukri had become a world writer, as his friends had begun to call him, that Al-sa'ada was able to see the light of day (3). He follows this with the assertion that among Moroccan authors writing in Arabic, the title of writer remains Shukri's alone (3). This is not far off the mark. Moroccan in Arabic is on the margins of an already peripheral literature, following Itamar Even-Zohar's and Franco Moretti's analyses of the asymmetry of the world literary system. What does it mean, though, to read Shukri through the lens of world literature, that somewhat elusive term coined by Goethe in the earlier decades of the nineteenth century? David Damrosch focuses on consideration of reception, and offers definition of world that could potentially embrace all literary works that move beyond their home culture (4). For Damrosch, rather than canon of texts, world is first and foremost mode of circulation and reading: A work of world is any text that has an effective life within literary system beyond that of its original context (3-4). Shukri's access to the global stage was almost exclusively mediated by his now famous autobiographical narrative Al-khubz al-hafi (translated into English as For Bread Alone), which, from the standpoint of circulation, is both paradigmatic and anomalous example of world literary text. A double process allows for text's entry to world literature: first, by being read as literature; second, by circulating out into broader world beyond its linguistic and cultural point of origin (Damrosch 6). The work of world is, by definition, site of negotiation between cultures, and it inevitably changes as it crosses borders. In Shukri's case, however, the process itself is turned on its head. The very writing of Al-khubz al-hafi was prompted by Paul Bowles's request for Shukri's autobiography, and the text was read in translation outside of its local site of production for nearly decade before the original entered the market. Published in English in 1973 and French in 1980, the Arabic version remained unpublished until 1982, when it was printed at the author's own expense. It was subsequently banned in Morocco year later and only allowed to circulate freely in 2000 (Ettobi 211). The reversal of Al-khubz al-hafi's entry into the literary market has made it particularly susceptible to the agendas of its translators and interpreters, an endemic issue in the transfer and reception of non-Western authors' work even in less vexed circumstances (Damrosch 24). Next to its censor at the American University in Cairo in 1998-1999, the politics of Al-khubz al-hafi's translation and its appropriation by Western audiences as representative of third world literature have been the most discussed aspects of Shukri's work. …" @default.
- W1131190635 created "2016-06-24" @default.
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- W1131190635 date "2014-01-01" @default.
- W1131190635 modified "2023-09-24" @default.
- W1131190635 title "Confronting the Right-Thinking Bourgeoisie: Shukri, Genet, and a Poetics of Inversion" @default.
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