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• W1137175008 abstract "ABSTRACTBanana is the fourth most important crop in the developing world and India is the world’s largest producer of bananas and plantains. In India, eight pests commonly infest the banana crop; Of these, the banana rhizome weevil i.e. Cosmopolites sordidus (Germar) and the banana pseudostem weevil i.e. Odoiporus longicollis (Oliver) are the major pests. O. longicollis (Oliver) is a monophagous pest of banana and the larvae as well as adults cause severe damage affecting the production of bananas. The loss varies from 10% to almost 90% depending on the stage of plant growth at which pest infestation occurs and also the efficiency of the management or cultivation practice that is followed.Use of conventional breeding to transfer resistance is restricted due to parthenocarpy, non-seeded nature and male/female sterility of the banana plants. Therefore, there is an increasing interest in developing banana cultivars resistant to banana stem weevil using biotechnological approaches. A broad integrated pest management strategy has the potential to provide the best strategy for controlling this pest. The components of a successful IPM programme would include identifying host plant resistance, cultural and biological control, study of the population structure of the pest and identifying useful genes whose products would have a detrimental effect on the growth and development of the pest, so that a biotechnological approach can be used to develop banana transgenics carrying such genes.In this thesis, an attempt has been made to study the following two important components which could contribute to the IPM for the control of this pest:(i) Study of the population structure of the pest i.e. assessment of the genetic variation between and within populations and how this variation is partitioned geographically. (ii)Identification of useful genes whose products would deter the growth and development of the pest so that these genes could be used in the future for developing banana transgenics with improved tolerance/resistance to O. longicollis (Oliver).Genetic diversity analysis of thirty adult beetles of Odoiporus longicollis (Oliver) representing six populations collected from infested banana stems from banana fields in Assam (Kamrup), Bihar (Vaishali), Kerala (Wayanad), Maharashtra (Jalgaon, Narayangaon) and Tamilnadu (Trichy) was done using both nuclear and mitochondrial markers including RAPDs, ISSRs, AFLPs, rDNA (ITS1 and ITS2) and COI-tRNALeu-COII markers. The data generated using each of these markers has been analysed phylogenetically and statistically to determine the utility of each of these marker systems in genetic diversity analysis. The RAPDs and ISSRs based UPGMA dendrograms did not reveal any phylogeographic clustering of the populations. The AFLP based dendrogram showed a strong correlation between geographic and genetic distance, suggesting that AFLPs are more useful than RAPDs and ISSRs in the present study. The phylogenetic analysis of the six weevil populations based on the ITS1 and ITS2 regions reveals that there is gene flow between these populations and there is no phylogeographical distribution of these six populations. Among the six populations, the Assam population is the oldest as (i) it shows the highest genetic diversity based on the ITS1 and ITS2 sequence analysis (ii) it is separated from the other five populations by a longer branch length in the phylogenetic trees derived by AFLPs, ITS1 and ITS2 data. This observation supports the initial migration of this pest into India via the north-east, from the centre of origin of bananas in south-east Asia which is considered to be the primary centre of diversification and earliest domestication of this crop Consensus secondary structures of the ITS1 and ITS2 regions of O. longicolli (Oliver) are also presented. The consensus secondary structures of the ITS2 region conforms to the pan-eukaryotic model. In the ITS1 secondary structure phylogenetic tree, the individuals grouped according to their secondary structures such that each group showed specific structural characteristics. The phylogenetic trees based on the secondary structures of ITS1 and ITS2 of the thirty O. longicollis (Oliver) individuals were congruent, though the secondary structure of these two regions bears no resemblance to each other, suggesting that secondary structures of these two regions are important `markers’ in phylogenetic analysis. The present study of the secondary structure of the ITS1 and ITS2 regions of O. longicollis (Oliver) and its use in assessing the phylogenetic relationships is the first detailed report for insects, in particular family Curculionidae. Sequence analysis of the mitochondrial COI-tRNALeu-COII region of the thirty individuals reveals AT bias which is typical of insect mitochondrial DNA. The nucleotide composition of the partial COI and COII genes is AT rich as observed in insect mitochondrial genes. There was no phylogeographic distribution of the populations. The Fu and Li’s D and F tests were non-significant for this mitochondrial region. No Wolbachia infection was detected in any of the populations. The genetic differentiation amongst the populations was highly significant (p<0.001; χ2 = 123.333; df=75), suggesting restricted gene flow between the populations. This result did not correlate with that obtained with nuclear markers i.e. ITS1 and ITS2, suggesting a male-biased gene flow between the populations.Alpha-amylases and proteinases are important digestive enzymes which play a central role in the digestive metabolism in those insects that live on seeds and plant parts. The larvae and adults of banana pseudostem weevil feed voraciously on the stem parts and complete their development within the stem. Hence they depend to a large extent on their proteinases and alpha-amylases for their survival. The purified monomeric and dimeric alpha-amylase inhibitor fractions from a local variety of wheat seeds completely inhibit the alpha amylase activity from this pest and do not inhibit porcine pancreatic amylase and human salivary amylase. These characteristics make these inhibitors attractive candidates for genetic engineering to develop banana transgenics with improved tolerance towards banana stem weevil. In this thesis, cloning of the partial gene encoding the amylase (the cloned segment includes all the conserved regions and the catalytic domain) and cloning of the genes encoding the monomeric and dimeric α-amylase inhibitors from a local variety of wheat has been described. The molecular basis of the specificity of inhibition between the α-amylase and the inhibitors has been studied by homology modeling. Such a study is the first step towards developing banana transgenics using such genes." @default.
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• W1137175008 date "2014-09-09" @default.
• W1137175008 modified "2023-09-24" @default.
• W1137175008 title "Development of molecular approaches for the control of Odoiporus longicollis (Oliver), a major pest of bananas and plantains in Asia" @default.
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