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• W114365325 abstract "IntroductionWhile all types of disasters have the potential of damaging libraries, water is not only the most common but also the most potent factor. Damage can be caused through a tsunami or floods from a nearby water body such as an ocean or river. Heavy rains, or wind driven hurricanes, cyclones and tornados also destroy collections. Apart from these natural causes, water can come into a library from broken drainage pipes, or seep in through leakages from walls, broken windows, doors or even from the ground. Moreover, even when the chief disaster is a fire, activation of water sprinklers and fire-fighting equipment requires extensive use of water, which in turn causes damage to books. Vulnerability to water damage is higher when the library is located in the basement or the ground floor, or near a fire hazard prone area such as a canteen or a chemical laboratory.Water damages almost all types of library resources: paper-based, photographs, films or digital. Water damage can range from dampness, or wetness at the edges, to completely soaked or submerged items. The extent of damage depends on the force with which the water comes in and also on how long it stays in the library. Thus it can range from minimal to completely destructive, depending on the materials involved and the amount of water, the circumstances and the purity of the water.All components which make up a book are susceptible to water damage. The type of paper, quality and amount of sizing used, ink, glue and binding are all affected by water to different degrees. For example blotting paper absorbs water much more than art paper; newsprint which has very little sizing gets damaged faster than photographic paper which uses different sizing material. When exposed to water some prints and materials soften and stick to adjacent surfaces. Papers that get wet can become distorted or warped and some may even dissolve completely in water. Water can cause bleeding of inks and dyes causing the text or the pictures to appear blurry and streaked. Binding of books may be severely damaged due to water. When wet books of different sizes are placed on top of each other they get warped and lose their shape. Further wet paper is likely to attract mould and fungus thereby increasing the damage. If books are tightly packed on the shelf, the swelling of books with water makes it difficult to remove them without further damage.Disasters caused by Water to Libraries in PastThere are numerous examples of library disasters caused by water. A few select examples follow. Floods in 1910 in Paris, France (Baryala, 2006) and in 1966, in Florence, Italy caused heavy damage to the respective national libraries. In the Florence floods, over two million rare and irreplaceable volumes and innumerable manuscripts were damaged. The basement of the Biblioteca Nazionale Centrale, Italy was filled by water and mud. Nearly 1,200,000 volumes and pamphlets were flooded, including 100,000 rare volumes of the Magliabecchi collection, 50,000 folios of the Palatina, a newspaper collection of 400,000 volumes. The card catalogue was damaged as well. Other collections in Florence suffered flood damage too, e.g. the 350,000 volume collection of the Vieusseux (including first editions and association copies). At the University Library in Florence, 200,000 volumes were under water. In the major libraries of the city, a total of 2 million volumes were submerged. (Lenzuni, 1987; van der Hoeven, & van Albada, 1996).In 1975, the Case Western Reserve University Library, Cleveland, Ohio was flooded. Almost 40,000 books and 50,000 maps became wet and muddy; the cost of recovery was $540,000. (Buchanan, 1988) In 1985, heavy rains and overflowing of a river resulted in the flooding of the basement of the 450 years old Innsbruck Museum and Library in Austria. The ice cold water flowing with heavy force damaged 80% of the Museum collection and part of the library collection stored in the basement. …" @default.
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• W114365325 date "2014-08-01" @default.
• W114365325 modified "2023-09-28" @default.
• W114365325 title "Damage to Libraries due to Water Related Disasters" @default.
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