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• W114516722 abstract "A VIEW FROM WASHINGTON Round up the usual suspects. Captain Louis Renault In the film, Casablanca RUSSIAN LITERARY THEORIST Mikhail Mikhailovich Bakhtin (1895-- 1975) alerted scholars to the multivoiced nature of language by his use of the key term heteroglossia. In Discourse in the Novel, he describes it as a complex mixture of languages and world views.1 Moreover, Bakhtin indicated that: In all areas of life and ideological activity, our speech is filled to overflowing with other people's words, words which are transmitted with highly varied degrees of accuracy and impartiality. (Dialogic: 337) In the everyday speech of any person living in society, no less than half (on the average) of all the words uttered by him will be someone else's words (consciously someone else's), transmitted with varying degrees of precisions and impartiality (or more precisely, partiality). (Dialogic: 339). Using a Bakhtinian paradigm, Sheckels examined Congressional debate.2 Coining the term intervoices, he identified nine different types as follows: (1) cited authorities, (2) quoted or paraphrased authorities, (3) what Bakhtin terms stylization, (4) quoted or paraphrased colleagues, (5) quoted or paraphrased self, (6) quoted or paraphrased others-perhaps constitutents-who are involved in, one way or the other, with the matter under discussion (7) imagined voices, (8) the pluralized voice of those arguing together in the legislature, and (9) quoted or alluded to popular or popular culture voices. The meaning of most of these inter-voices is self-evident, except for numbers three, seven, and nine. An example of number three might be the use of the expression, We have nothing to fear, but fear itself. Other legislators would recognize the words of President Franklin D. Roosevelt whose authoritative voice implicitly is being called upon to encourage them to show resolve by taking a courageous action. Another kind of stylization involves using the language of a lobbying or political action group. Number seven is what Classical rhetoricians termed prosopopoeia, whereby individuals who will be affected by legislation are allowed to speak fabricated words to the legislators. For example, unborn children could be given a voice in this manner on the topic of abortion. Lastly, number nine is exemplified by such instances as when Hollywood starlets who once acted in movies about rural life testify on Capitol Hill about the plight of those living on farms. This essay will focus on number three-stylization. The topic of Patients' BiU of Rights legislation involving managed care consumer protection will be employed for illustrative purposes. Wendy B. Young, who served on the staff of Thomas Daschle (D-SD) when he was Senate Minority Leader, noted that the restructuring of congressional committees and increasing ease of travel between home districts and the Capitol have erased any clear distinction between campaigning and policymaking activities. Members of Congress are readily accessible to constituents and can engage in the policymaking agenda of most committees. Hence, they must -have information that is current and framed to be consistent with their platform. An industry has emerged to supply such tailored information on a Just-in-Time basis that is similar to the management strategies used by Japanese manufacturers to shorten production time and enhance market competition. Opening committee appointments dispersed power and expanded the agenda as the policymaking process engaged more participants and a wider range of perspectives. Beginning approximately 30 years ago, all committees and subcommittees acquired staff and the latter expanded the agenda to provide a showcase for the members and the special issues that are espoused by these elected officials. The market for policy information grew from the relatively permanent and exclusive group of staff that serves a few senior members of Congress to a large and diverse range of staff serving each member of Congress who expressed interest in a particular policy issue. …" @default.
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• W114516722 date "2002-01-01" @default.
• W114516722 modified "2023-09-23" @default.
• W114516722 title "Heteroglossia: voices heard on Capitol Hill from a Bakhtinian perspective." @default.
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