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• W115364672 abstract "The present paper mainly but separately deals with shipping and ship owning by the members of the Royal family, Mughul aristocracy and the ordinary merchants, with Surat as their base of operation. This finds further corroboration in two tables appended at the end. From the description of the text it is easier to determine the routes of their operation. Suratbased ships made voyages, as far as, to the ports of South Africa, Red Sea and the Persian Gulf in the Western Indian Ocean and the Arabian Sea and the Far-Eastern port of Japan, South China. Philippines and Malay Archipelago on the other hand. The Surat shipping operating overseas carried Indian commodities abroad and brought in return the commodities of other countries, particularly, horses, coffee and spices. But the shipping suffered considerable loss on account of piracy. Besides political motive the pirates mainly concentrated on richly-laden Indian ships. The plunder of Ganj-i-Swa'i in 1695 by the English corsairs cannot simply be overlooked (Khafi Khan, Muntakhab al-Lubab, Calcutta, 1870, vol. 2 (I), p. 421). Freighting besides other commercial and market network in operation was quite a lucrative business which shippers preferably made use of to enhance their income. Sometimes the Indian merchants had to face tough time when the Mughuls and the Persians were at war. Priority to load the ships of aristocracy meant loss to the ordinary merchants owing to unnecessary delay and non-availability of cargo for the latter. We have some complaints to this effect. An interesting feature of the Mughul shipping was the participation of ladies of the Mughul harem in maritime trade and commerce. Jahângir's mother, known to the English as 'the Queen Mother', owned ships which, besides carrying cargo, was also used for carrying pilgrims to Makkah.The famous Rahimi was one of these and accommodated 1,500 passengers at a time. Nurjahan and Princess Jahan Ara' as well owned ships and had share in shipping business. Unfortunately our sources do not speak about the Hindu merchants participating in shipping and shipowning at Surat, may be owing to their interest in internal and coastal trade during our period.* Surat as an international trade centre was kept well informed about the market condition both within and outside the country. Thus, Surat market became commercially more prone to competitive activity towards the end of 1650s. Thereafter, the demand of Indian commodities abroad increased. The anxiety of merchants to have more space for cargo promoted the Indian shipwrights to evolve round ships as it may be assessed by the ship's measurement. Simultaneously the number of Surat ships increased proportionately as the inference drawn from both the tables at the end suggests. Surat remained the most lucrative port and continued handling voluminous trade even till the end of the 17th century.** The demands of Indian traditional commodities continued increasing in the world market even till the latter half of the 17th century. The fact that the Mughuls, however, ignored and appear to have failed to realize the importance of possessing a navy of their own remains, unexplained.Ever since Tapan Ray Chaudhuri in his Jan Company in Coromandel pointed to the sturdy existence of Indian shipping frequenting the Coromandel ports in the latter half of the 17th Century, there has been renewed interest in the fortunes of Indian shipping in that fateful century. The major Indian port at the time was Surat, and much of the shipping was based on that port. Uptill now there has been no detailed study of the Surat ship-owners (i.e. Indian owners of ships using that port as base). This paper is a preliminary attempt to meet the need.The core of the evidence presented here consists of the two tables at the end of the paper, which assemble all the references which I have been able to collect about the ships and their owners. The tables present separately the ships of the emperor (Jahângir), princes and officials, on the one hand, and those of the ordinary merchants on the other. …" @default.
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• W115364672 date "2013-04-01" @default.
• W115364672 modified "2023-09-23" @default.
• W115364672 title "The Indian Ship-Owners of Surat in the Seventeenth Century" @default.
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