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• W117634472 abstract "Although it is hard to place the blame for environmental damage on any one human activity, there can be little doubt about the magnitude of energy impacts on the environment and our way of life. The use of energy, or more specifically energy derived from fossil fuels, directly affects human health and environmental quality. It also affects our domestic economy and forces the United States to rely on foreign oil supplies. If we are serious about reducing our use of fossil fuels and cutting greenhouse gas emissions, we have some tough choices to make. When we talk about energy sources used for transportation, we're talking about oil. All forms of transportation - including highway, agriculture and construction, air, water, and rail - rely on fuels produced from oil: gasoline, diesel fuel, liquefied petroleum gas, jet fuel, home heating oil, natural gas, electricity, and methanol. In 1996, nearly 97 percent of total transportation energy demand was supplied by petroleum. Natural gas and electricity - mainly in the form of pumping energy for pipelines carrying natural gas, crude petroleum, petroleum products, and coal slurry - provided an additional 3 percent and 0.2 percent of the total respectively.(1) In total, the United States consumes slightly more than 25 percent of the world's petroleum; the majority of this, 66 percent, is used for transportation.(2) This means that the U.S. transportation sector alone consumes about 17 percent of the world's petroleum. Furthermore, total U.S. petroleum consumption is expected to rise as much as 27 percent by 2020, while petroleum used for transportation is expected to increase 47 percent.(3) This increased demand will be driven by increased per capita travel without attendant increases in fuel efficiency. These projections are predicated on a host of assumptions about the rate of economic growth, the price of oil, and changes in technology - factors that may change. For example, the Department of Energy estimates that oil demand for transportation could be as much as 5.6 percent lower if oil prices rise significantly.(4) Yet consumption is likely to remain high, as Americans continue to favor personal, private mobility. In 1995, more than 58 percent of total transportation energy was consumed by cars and light-duty trucks. The rest was consumed by heavy-duty trucks, airplanes, ships, rail, pipelines, agriculture, and construction. Greenhouse Gas Emissions The use of fossil fuels for transportation contributes to a host of environmental problems, from urban ozone to global warming.(5) Carbon dioxide makes up about 85 percent of the United States' total anthropogenic emissions of greenhouse gases that lead to global warming. Methane, nitrous oxide, carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxide, halocarbons, perfluorocarbons, and other gases make up the remaining 15 percent. More than 98 percent of U.S. carbon dioxide emissions are caused by the combustion of fossil fuels for energy consumption.(6) Since the transportation sector is responsible for 32 percent of all U.S. anthropogenic C[O.sub.2] emissions, it is a major contributor of greenhouse gases.(7) In fact, within the transportation sector, gasoline usage alone contributes to more than 60 percent of C[O.sub.2] emissions.(8) In 1997, at the Conference on Global Climate Change in Kyoto, Japan, the United States agreed to reduce its emissions of greenhouse gases to 7 percent below 1990 levels no later than 2012, subject to congressional approval. Meeting this commitment will be difficult and will require changes in the way we use energy. Energy Security In addition to concerns over environmental problems created by the burning of fossil fuels, policymakers have concerns about the security of our energy sources. As David Greene, senior researcher at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory, points out, the transportation sector today remains almost completely dependent on petroleum, despite the market upheavals of the 1970s and early 1980s. …" @default.
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• W117634472 date "1998-12-22" @default.
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• W117634472 title "Shifting Gears: To Reduce Greenhouse Gas Emissions, the United States Faces Some Tough Choices" @default.
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