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• W118492719 abstract "It is well known that arsenic is toxic to both humans and animals, and thatninorganic arsenic compounds are proven human carcinogens. Arsenic contamination ofndrinking water is a global health issue, especially in the South East Asian countries.nDzungaria in Xinjiang, China, with a population of 100,000, was the first identifiednarsenic endemic area in mainland China with a sustained arsenic concentration innunderground water of approximately 50 mg/L, whereas in Kuitun arsenic levels in thenunderground water may reach a concentration as high as 850 mg/L. Although a waternintervention program was implemented and completed in 1984, arsenicosis still occursnin the region at present.nn n We studied biomarkers, including total urinary arsenic, porphyrins andnmalondiadehyde in the arsenic endemic area in Xinjiang. The results show that urinarynarsenic levels within the endemic region vary from 4.19 to 943.76 mg/g creatinine, withnan average of 117.03 p 8.28 mg/g creatinine (n = 168), which was significantly highernthan in the control area (73.61p 3.21 mg/g creatinine; n = 152). Although nonsignificant difference was found between villagers overall from the endemic area andncontrol region in the levels of urinary porphyrins and malondialdehyde (MDA), bothnporphyrins and MDA levels were significantly higher in those villagers of endemicnregion with urinary arsenic levels higher than 150 mg/g creatinine, the recommendednoccupational exposure limit set by Worksafe Australia (Marshall, 2002).n n In this study, it was found that 51 out of 178 people from the arsenic endemicnarea displays symptoms of arsenicosis whilst arsenicosis is absent in the control regionnwhere a total of 175 people were surveyed. This clearly indicates that not all people innthe arsenic endemic region of Chepaizi area in Dzungaria were drinking arsenic safenwater only and that arsenicosis is still a serious problem in Xinjiang. Although porphyrins and malondialdehyde are sensitive biomarkers for arsenicosis for villagersnwith urinary arsenic levels higher that 150 mg/g creatinine, they are not sensitive fornvillagers with lower urinary arsenic levels. With a population that has a large variationnin drinking habits, further study is needed to quantify the health outcome for thesenindividuals although the water intervention program has been in place for over 16 years.n n Another part of this project involved a preliminary immunohistochemicalnstaining trial on the first animal model of arsenic carcinogenicity that was successfullyndeveloped in the National Research Centre for Environmental Toxicology by Ng et al.n(1999b) in 1998. In this model, groups of 90 C57BL/6J and 140 virgin female MTnknockout mice were fed with drinking water containing sodium arsenate (500mgAs/L adnlibitum) for 26 months. Over this period, various organ systems of the exposed micendeveloped tumours. Preliminary findings indicate that 37/90 (41.1%) C57B1/6J andn37/140 (26.4%) MT'test mice developed one or more tumours (Ng et al., 2001; 1999b;n1998a). On a separate PhD project, 25 DNA samples from 24 tumour-bearing micenfrom the arsenic-treated group and 4 from the control group were screened fornmutations in exons 5 and 7 of the p53 gene (Wang, 2003). In this study 20 formalinnfixed, paraffin embedded tissue blocks from mice with known mutations were selectednfor immunohistochemical staining. In the initial trial, positive stains were indeednobserved on some tissue sections. However, background staining on other tissues suchnas kidney is high, possibly related to a number of factors such as tissue fixation time,nantigen retrieval (AR) buffer type especially pH, heating method and heating time onnheat retrieval. Nevertheless, this initial trial does shed some light on the possibility tonoptimize AR conditions to compensate prolonged fixation time. Further testing isnrequired to develop this technique into routine practice; this is beyond the scope of thisnMPhil project.nn" @default.
• W118492719 created "2016-06-24" @default.
• W118492719 creator A5041221693 @default.
• W118492719 date "2004-01-01" @default.
• W118492719 modified "2023-09-27" @default.
• W118492719 title "Biomarkers for chronic arsenic poisoning" @default.
• W118492719 hasPublicationYear "2004" @default.
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