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- W1190614130 abstract "Gyrase was the first type II enzyme discovered, and it remains unique for its ability to introduce negative supercoils into relaxed, positively or negatively supercoiled DNA at the expense of ATP binding and hydrolysis. An essential enzyme in bacteria, gyrase is critical for nearly all complex transactions that involve DNA, including recombination, replication, transcription, and chromosome segregation. The homeostatic regulation model was inspired by two observations. First, many promoters sense supercoiling levels. Second, expression of gyrase increases when the chromosome becomes relaxed, whereas the expression of topo I requires high supercoiling levels. Chromosome replication has three critical stages (initiation, elongation, and segregation), each with different supercoiling problems. For initiation, the two strands of oriC must separate to allow assembly of the replication machinery (the replisome). Transcription encompasses supercoiling problems similar in two respects to those of replication. First, transcription initiation requires unpairing of the DNA duplex, and supercoiling can influence this step as it does in initiation of DNA replication. Second, transcription is similar to replication in that movement of RNA polymerase generates temporary positive supercoiling ahead of, and negative supercoiling behind, the DNA segment that is being transcribed. The torsional effects of transcription have been studied with supercoil-sensitive promoters by measuring the formation of Z-DNA and by monitoring the extrusion of cruciforms. Homologous and site-specific genetic recombination, adaptive mutation, supercoil regulated gene transcription, gene order on chromosomes, and plasmid-chromosome replication segregation are all phenomena that are likely to be influenced by DNA dynamics." @default.
- W1190614130 created "2016-06-24" @default.
- W1190614130 creator A5073765564 @default.
- W1190614130 date "2014-04-08" @default.
- W1190614130 modified "2023-09-26" @default.
- W1190614130 title "DNA Supercoiling and Its Consequences for Chromosome Structure and Function" @default.
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