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• W12044932 abstract "Since the late 1980s, there has been a resurgence of poverty research among sociologists, psychologists, planners, and economists. Many sociologists ascribe the renewed interest in poverty to several events in the 1980s: the widespread visibility of homelessness in American cities, the publication of William Julius Wilson's (1987) The Truly Disadvantaged, The Inner City, the Underclass, and Public Policy, and sociology's subsequent resurrection of social disorganization theory (i) (Leventhal & Brooks-Gunn, 2000; Gephart & Brooks-Gunn, 1997; Furstenberg, 2001; Sampson, 2001; Brooks-Gunn, et al 1993; Massey, 2001). Wilson argued that research on poverty had been curtailed for over a decade by the acrimony created by the debate over the controversial Moynihan Report, and he claimed that liberals were caught unaware when unemployment, rates of public assistance, and concentrated poverty all increased significantly during the 1970s and 1980s. On the other hand, Wilson maintained, conservatives had generated their own theories to explain the recent social changes that had occurred in areas, blaming liberal social policy for promoting underclass, welfare, or ghetto values and the subsequent perpetuation of what was popularly being termed the urban underclass (Murray, 1985; Auletta, 1983; Wilson, 1987; Peterson, 1991). These conservative arguments were gaining public attention, so, as a liberal, one of Wilson's goals was to reorient discussions about poverty and the urban underclass to the structural constraints created by the larger society, such as discrimination in housing and employment. Wilson argued that in the context of dramatic macroeconomic shifts such as de-industrialization, globalization, decreased government commitment to sustain inner city institutions and out-migrations of the African American middle class, poverty had become disproportionately concentrated in African American neighborhoods during the 1970s and 1980s, creating spatially isolated communities of extreme ghetto (ii) poverty, or neighborhoods where over 40% of the residents live below the poverty line. In the Northeastern United States, the proportion of African Americans living in areas where 40% or more of the residents living in poverty increased from 15% to 34 % in the 1970s. By 1980, in the five largest American cities, 68% of poor whites lived in non-poverty areas while only 15% of poor African Americans lived in non-poverty areas. By 1990, 11.2 million people lived in severely disadvantaged neighborhoods, and over 50% of them were people of African descent. In contrast, a mere 11.8% of the residents were white, even though whites comprise 75% of the population. Furthermore, nearly 40% of all poor African Americans lived in extreme poverty areas. Hence, African Americans were hit the hardest by the economic changes during the 1970s and 1980s (Massey & Eggers, 1990), prompting Massey and Denton (1993) to describe America's modern apartheid. Wilson's work galvanized other social researchers, and studies on poverty, particularly concentrated poverty, have proliferated over the past twenty years. Until very recently, relatively few scholars utilizing perspectives from African American Studies have contributed to the discussions of neighborhood poverty, resulting in a body of literature that remains overwhelmingly focused on the extent to which poverty residents are risk for negative life chances. While this area of inquiry is vital to understanding the effects of poverty on residents, poverty research often suffers from a tendency to stigmatize poverty populations, a disproportionate number of whom are African American. Therefore, African American Studies scholars must become more active in the field of poverty studies, particularly neighborhood poverty studies, since a grass-roots intervention would be possible at the neighborhood level and congruent with the goals of community development. …" @default.
• W12044932 created "2016-06-24" @default.
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• W12044932 date "2008-06-01" @default.
• W12044932 modified "2023-09-24" @default.
• W12044932 title "What Neighborhood Poverty Studies Can Learn from African American Studies" @default.
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