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• W120839392 abstract "Land degradation in savannas is often associated with overgrazing. This generally results in bush-encroachment, a shift from palatable, large-seeded perennial grasses to less palatable, annual grasses, an increase in bare ground and a decrease in species richness. The causes and processes are not fully understood, although current hypotheses state that stress-adapted, perennial species are more sensitive to disturbance and are replaced by disturbance tolerant species, that profit from the empty space and higher water supply once the cover of perennial grasses has thinned.In the Southern Kalahari commercial lifestock farms were established in the area from the early to mid 20th century, most of which farm with sheep. Consequently, the vegetation is not only subjected to new disturbances, it also potentially looses mutualistic benefits that have evolved with the indigenous herbivores, such as seed dispersal and associated maintenance of geneflow over large distances.This study aimed at determining the extent of degradation caused by sheep farming in the Southern Kalahari Duneveld under a range of stocking densities and in increasing distance to the watering point, comparing older and younger farms. Furthermore, the impact of the change of available animal dispersal vectors and their mobility on long-distance dispersal potential and geneflow was determined in an exemplary.Our results showed a negative impact of high grazing intensity on cover of perennial grasses, life-form and species richness, with highest species richness for intermediate to low grazing intensities. Total species richness was lower and functional composition more indicative of a stressful environment than reported in an older study conducted in the area and a study from the Kgalagadi Transfrontier Park. Game farming did not result in a significant differentiation to adjacent sheep camps, however, cover of perennial grasses and total species richness were higher than on sheep camps, while cover of perennial forbs and shrubs was lower. Epizoochorous dispersal potentials differed between sheep and antelopes, with all species being dispersed better in sheep fur than in springbok fur. Experimentally determined endozoochorous dispersal potential was high for many species. The germination experiment showed significant differences between numbers and composition of seedlings emerging from sheep and antelope dung. While grass seedlings emerged in equal numbers, dicotyledonous species germinated in higher numbers from game dung. In a population genetic study for two endozoochorously dispersed plant species, geneflow, population differentiation and local genetic diversity were analysed in the farming area in comparison with the adjacent Kgalagadi Transfrontier Park. The data illustrate a detrimental effect of the current landuse on the putatively more sensitive species, displayed as lower population genetic diversity and higher between population differentiation within the farming area.Detrimental effects on the vegetation are likely to aggravate over time, resulting in a decrease in species richness and vegetation condition. The differences in dispersal potential through sheep and antelopes are likely to cause vegetation differentiation in the long-term and were possibly partially responsible for degradation and species losses. Effects of vector change and fencing are likely to have been responsible for the genetic deterioration observed in one of the examined species, effectively experiencing fragmentation of the habitat.Therefore, we recommend a lowering of stocking densities to or below 3,51 livestock units/km2 and suggest a shift from livestock to mixed or exclusive game farming in appropriate stocking densities. To maintain long-distance geneflow the establishment of corridors should be considered. For the restoration of degraded veld, it might be necessary to sow seeds of desirable grasses as abiotic dispersal is not likely to result in the natural regeneration. As the risk of degradation due to overgrazing increases is likely to aggravate in the face of the predicted climate changes the adaptation of the farming methods to the sensitive environment might delay negative effects or even enable a sustainable land utilisation on the long-term." @default.
• W120839392 created "2016-06-24" @default.
• W120839392 creator A5068538295 @default.
• W120839392 date "2008-11-19" @default.
• W120839392 modified "2023-10-16" @default.
• W120839392 title "Impact of different forms of land use on the vegetation of the Southern Kalahari Duneveld" @default.
• W120839392 hasPublicationYear "2008" @default.
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