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• W12135554 abstract "Public policy about the use of animals in research in the United States acknowledges that animal experimentation is a needed part of science and that it must be conducted in accord with certain humane standards. National policies require registration and inspection of facilities, compliance with specified husbandry standards, and efforts to minimize animal pain, among other provisions. However, inadequate attention is given in existing policy to the ethical justification of research protocols involving animals, including standards to distinguish between acceptable and unacceptable animal experiments. The degree of public concern over questionable or unjustified experiments suggests that public policy should more thoroughly address attention to justification standards. Justifying an Animal Experiment Each animal experiment that involves pain, death, or holding captive a sentient creature poses the issue of justification. The harms to the animal conflict with perceived societal benefits that will result if the experiment is conducted. This conflict can be resolved by seeking the best possible reconciliation of human needs with concern for the needs and well-being of all other animals. As discussed in Section II, decisions to approve or disapprove any individual experiment, a task of the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committees (IACUC) mandated by federal law, are often very difficult to make because of the need to take into account several different issues, some of which are schematically presented in Figure 2. Among the major criteria for assessing justification of an experiment are: 1) the purpose of the experiment (including its social merit); 2) the sentience level of the subject of study (including philosophical consideration of the moral status of the animal, which is, roughly speaking, greater the higher up the phylogenetic scale one goes); 3) severity and duration of animal pain; 4) the competency of the experimenter; 5) the application of alternatives to improve the justification; 6) the quality of the facility and resources where the work is conducted (this to some extent reflects the excellence of the husbandry standards); and 7) the level of public accountability. Applying these criteria creates a complicated decision-tree. Each decision must take into account the weight to be given each criterion and how the many intertwining and often conflicting factors are to be resolved. A decision to approve or disapprove a particular experiment ultimately depends on the decision-maker's value judgments. Nor are these criteria all-encompassing. Several others could be added to cover matters such as the previous life history of a particular animal, a group of animals, or species; whether dogs or cats obtained from pounds, which have been prior household pets, should ever be used, or be used just for limited purposes such as acute experiments, or whether purpose-bred animals should be substituted; whether a non-human primate intended for experimentation is wild-caught or purpose-bred; whether the species as a whole is endangered (such as chimpanzees used sometimes in research and testing); or whether the conditions under which primates and other species are housed fulfill the psychological needs and permit natural expression of the behavioral repertory of that species. In the following discussion, we will concentrate on three central criteria--the purpose of the experiment, animal pain, and applying alternatives-while others that are fairly self-evident are mentioned only where particularly relevant. The Different Goals of Research, Testing, and Education (Criterion 1) Biomedical research is undertaken for two broad purposes, to add to scientific understanding of basic biological functions, processes, and behavior (basic research), or to improve human or animal health by studying the natural history of disease, its pathophysiology and prevention, and by developing diagnostic and therapeutic methods (applied research). …" @default.
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• W12135554 title "Policy Issues in the Use of Animals in Research, Testing, and Education" @default.
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