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• W122019689 abstract "This chapter discusses sulfidation by mixed H2–H2S gases and corrosion by several different types of mixed gases: sulfidation/oxidation by CO–CO2–COS and H2–H2O–H2S, oxidation/nitridation by O2–N2, and oxidation/carburization by C–CH4–H2O gases.The types of equipment and processes where these types of corrosion occur and the thermochemical reactions between the alloys and the corrosive environments to produce the corrosion products will be discussed. The corrosion products formed are used to name the dominant corrosion mechanism and help understand the effects of exposure conditions such as gas composition, gas flow rates, metal temperatures, exposure time, and alloy composition upon alloy corrosion. Previous approaches often used simplifying assumptions of pure and single component corrosion products to allow calculation of corrosion product thermochemistry. Presently available technology no longer requires these assumptions for real alloys. The important variables for adequate laboratory simulations of the industrial aspects of these corrosion mechanisms are also discussed. Corrosion is measured by total metal penetration, which is the sum of metal thickness consumed by surface scaling plus the metal thickness affected by internal corrosion product formation. The relative corrosion behaviors of commercial alloys and the methods used to predict their corrosion behaviors are also presented. These methods enable engineering corrosion assessments for ranges of exposure conditions and are used in corrosion research, alloy development, failure analysis, lifetime prediction, alloy selection for equipment fabrication, equipment maintenance scheduling, and process operations evaluations.Sulfidation by H2–H2S gases in high temperature process equipment occurs in many petroleum-refining processes. The key variables influencing the kinetics are exposure time, partial pressures of H2 (PH2), and H2S (PH2S) for H2 and H2S gases or partial pressures of CO (PCO) and COS (PCOS) for CO–COS gases, alloy composition and temperature, for gases lacking significant amounts of oxidizing gases like O2, H2O, or CO2, which could induce formation of oxides.Sulfidation/oxidation by CO–CO2–COS and H2–H2O–H2S occurs in petroleum refining and energy conversion processes in various industries. The key variables influencing the kinetics are exposure time, PO2, PS2, alloy composition, and temperature. New understanding allows laboratory testing with CO–CO2–COS gases to simulate the corrosivity in industrial environments of H2–H2O–H2S gases is also discussed. The PO2 and PS2 values of the gaseous conditions combined with temperature and alloy composition determine the sulfide and oxide corrosion product stabilities, which determine the corrosion behavior. Considerations in using short-term laboratory tests to project long-term corrosion behavior in industrial conditions are also reviewed.Oxidation/nitridation by O2–N2 gases occurs in various industrial equipment involved in fossil fuel combustion, fertilizer manufacturing, or ammonia production. The key variables influencing the kinetics are exposure time, partial pressures of O2 and N2, alloy composition, and temperature. The variation from a high PO2 to low PO2 can induce changes in the corrosion products and rates of corrosion. The oxidation behavior can vary from predominantly surface oxidation (scaling) to oxidation by internal oxidation as the PO2 decreases, depending upon alloy composition. Progression to lower levels of PO2, will induce nitridation to dominate over oxidation. These observations impact how laboratory tests can best simulate corrosion behavior by oxidation or nitridation and also in terms of applications where low PO2 levels may differ from expectations in O2–N2 gases.Oxidation/carburization by CH4–H2O occurs in petroleum refining and petrochemical industry processes. The key variables influencing the kinetics are exposure time, PO2, activity of carbon (aC), partial pressure of H2S (PH2S), alloy composition, and temperature. Alloys exposed to C–CH4–H2O mixtures can experience corrosion by oxidation and carburization. The transition between carburization and oxidation behaviors of commercial alloys will be discussed." @default.
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• W122019689 date "2010-01-01" @default.
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• W122019689 title "Sulfidation and Mixed Gas Corrosion of Alloys" @default.
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• W122019689 doi "https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-044452787-5.00014-7" @default.
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