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• W122531626 endingPage "76" @default.
• W122531626 startingPage "1" @default.
• W122531626 abstract "Sea ice is permeated by small brine channels, which are characterised by sub-zero temperatures and varying salinities. Despite sometimes extreme conditions a relatively diverse fauna and flora thrives within these brine channels. Stephos longipes, Paralabidocera antarctica and Drescheriella glacialis are the dominant copepod species found within Antarctic sea ice. Their life-cycle strategies are well-established, but life cycles of other meiofauna (metazoans > 50 µm) found within sea ice are little explored. Adaptation mechanisms allowing meiofauna species to survive within sea ice are largely unknown. In order to increase our knowledge of the Antarctic sea-ice meiofauna, different microhabitats of sea ice and their metazoan fauna were studied during two cruises with R/V “Polarstern” to the western Weddell Sea. The dominant sympagic copepod species found in the sub-ice layer was Ectinosoma sp., other sympagic copepod species occurring regularly were D. glacialis/racovitzai, Diarthrodes cf. lilacinus, Idomene antarctica and S. longipes. Drescheriella glacialis/racovitzai and Stephos longipes were the dominant members of the surface-layer meiofauna during late spring. Their populations consisted mainly of adults and early naupliar stages in this layer, which points to an active reproduction of these species within the surface layer. Other taxa found in the surface layer were undetermined turbellarians, the gastropod Tergipes antarcticus, a ctenophore and two amphipod species. Sampling records from the Bellingshausen Sea, the Weddell Sea, as well as from the Prydz and the Lutzow-Holm Bay indicate that T. antarcticus is widely distributed in Antarctic sea ice. During this study, adults, juveniles, veliger larvae and egg clutches of T. antarcticus were found in sea ice. A thorough morphological and anatomical description of all life stages was performed and the developmental time from egg to veliger larvae was determined as being 31 days (range: 13 to 65 days) at 0 °C. The observed reproduction of D. racovitzai, Idomene antarctica and T. antarcticus within the habitat allows to assign also these species as true members of the sea-ice meiofauna. Adaptation mechanisms to changing salinities and ice formation were studied for P. antarctica, S. longipes and T. antarcticus. The haemolymph of the two copepod species is isosmotic to the medium at salinities from 25 to 45 g/kg (S. longipes) and 25 to 55 g/kg (P. antarctica). Thermal hysteresis (a non-colligative inhibition of ice growth) was found for T. antarcticus and S. longipes, but not for P. antarctica. These are the first reports of thermal hysteresis from gastropods and crustaceans, respectively. The acquisition of thermal hysteresis seems to enable S. longipes to exploit all available microhabitats within sea ice. In particular, S. longipes is found in high abundances in the surface layer, in which stronger temperature fluctuations can occur than in the lowermost centimetres of the ice. P. antarctica seems to be restricted physiologically to the lower layer. T. antarcticus was also found in the surface layer, but the importance of thermal hysteresis for habitat choice in T. antarcticus remains to be shown. Thermal hysteresis is probably also a prerequisite for the ability of S. longipes and T. antarcticus to spawn within the ice. Adaptations to low temperatures and elevated salinties on the transcriptional level were investigated for S. longipes. Two isoforms of a protein were found, which, if recombinantly expressed, confers thermal hysteresis. A high homology to a group of (putative) antifreeze proteins from a bacterium, a snow mold and several diatoms and, in contrast, no homologs in any metazoan lineage suggest that this protein was obtained through horizontal gene transfer. This seems to be a key event in the evolution of S. longipes." @default.
• W122531626 created "2016-06-24" @default.
• W122531626 creator A5059058911 @default.
• W122531626 date "2009-02-17" @default.
• W122531626 modified "2023-09-24" @default.
• W122531626 title "Ecophysiology of Antarctic sea-ice meiofauna" @default.
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