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• W123541726 abstract "The division of Native American reservations into individually owned parcels was an unquestionable disaster. Authorized by the General Allotment Act of 1887, allotment cost Indians two-thirds of their land and left much of the remainder effectively useless as it passed to successive generations of owners. The conventional understanding, shared by scholars, judges, policymakers, and activists alike, has been that allotment failed because it imposed individual ownership on people who had never known private property. Before so this story goes, Indians had always owned their land in common. Because Indians had no conception of private property, they were unable to adjust to the culture of private land rights and were easy targets for non-Indians anxious to acquire their land. Professor Bobroff argues that this story is wrong. Attempting to draw on often ignored Indian voices and considering anthropological and historical accounts, he reviews evidence that before allotment and continuing on reservations today, Native American societies have had a wide range of property systems. These native property systems vary across climates, resources, cultures, and historical periods, but many have recognized private property rights in land. Bobroff argues that allotment failed not because Indians had never known private property, but because it imposed a single dysfunctional property system on all Indian tribes and prohibited those tribes from changing it. Once an Indian reservation was allotted, tribal property laws were replaced and could no longer evolve. They could only be changed, quite literally, by an act of Congress. This insight into allotment is important because it suggests that the solution to the problem of highly fractionated Indian land titles is neither, as previous reforms attempted, to return all allotted land to tribal ownership nor to remove all restrictions from allotted lands. Rather, the solution lies with tribes and allotment owners reestablishing functional property systems that allow efficient use and rational inheritance of allotted lands. Having created the monster of allotment in 1887, it is only fair that Congress should provide resources and assistance to help tribal property systems succeed. IMAGE FORMULA9 I. INTRODUCTION When Congress authorized the division of Indian reservations into individual tracts in 1887, the indigenous peoples of what is now the United States had already lost more than 90 percent of their land.2 Advocates for allotment, as the 1887 policy was IMAGE FORMULA12 known, told a compelling story to justify partitioning the Indians' remaining 138 million acres. The advocates' story was that Indians needed private property in order to join American society. As long as Indians continued to hold their lands in common, so the story went, they could never know the benefits of civilization. Without the security of private property and the progress it would bring, they would be crushed by the irresistible tide of white settlement.3 Without allotment and assimilation, the reformers asserted, Indians were doomed to extermination. Today, a very different story is told about allotment. Scholars, bureaucrats, judges, and activists, Indian and non-Indian alike, agree that the policy devastated Indian societies.4 By 1934, when the Federal government ended the policy had cost Indians almost 90 million acres, two-thirds of the land they owned fifty years earlier.5 Allotment had wreaked havoc in Indian communities and eviscerated tribal governments. Indians survived, but Indian Country has never recovered. Allotment failed, this modern story goes, because it attempted to impose private property on indigenous peoples who had no conception of the private ownership of lands When Indians went from holding their land communally to owning it individually, they had few defenses against those anxious to gain IMAGE FORMULA14 control of Indian lands. …" @default.
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• W123541726 date "2001-05-01" @default.
• W123541726 modified "2023-09-26" @default.
• W123541726 title "Retelling Allotment: Indian Property Rights and the Myth of Common Ownership" @default.
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