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• W125962107 abstract "I was born and raised in the United States. At various times, I have lived in the North, South, East, and West. In every region of the United States, the fact that I am a Black/African American has led some White/ European Americans to stereotype, prejudge, and discriminate against me. As numerous studies within social psychology (see Fiske, 1998, for a review) have shown, my experience as the target of the negative thoughts, feelings, and behavior of some of my White countrymen and countrywomen attests to the breadth and depth of anti-Black racism (Gordon, 1995) in the United States--the nation in which I lived for 39 years. During the past year or so, I have embarked on a personal, political, and spiritual journey unlike anything that I could have foreseen or imagined. The impetus for my journey is beyond the scope of the present paper (for details, see Gaines, 2000). In any event, from the final months of the year 2000 to the present time, I have learned a great deal about my own strengths and shortcomings as a Black/African American, and as a human being. Part of my journey has involved uprooting myself for several months at a time--initially, to the West Indies (specifically, Jamaica); and, more recently, to the United Kingdom (specifically, England). In the present paper, I shall reflect upon the similarities and differences among the cognitive, affective, and behavioral reactions of social perceivers (i.e., members of so-called racial majorities in the United States, Jamaica, and England) to me as a target person (i.e., a Black/African American). At the outset, I acknowledge that my account contains subjective as well as objective elements. In fact, scholars in communication studies (e.g., Reed-Danahay, 1997) might use the term autoethnography to describe the present paper. At any rate, I shall draw upon Goffman's (1963) conceptualization of discredited and discreditable identities as I attempt to extract meaning from my social-psychological experiences as a stigmatized individual (see also Crocker, Major, & Steele, 1998). Discredited Identity: My Racial Identity in the United States In his classic volume, Stigma: Notes on the Management of Spoiled Identity, sociologist Erving Goffman (1963) defined stigma as: An attribute that makes [a stranger] different from others in the category of persons available for him to be, and of a less desirable kind--in the extreme, a person who is quite thoroughly bad, or dangerous, or weak (3). When one encounters the term stigma, one is likely to think, first and foremost, of visible markers (e.g., race, sex) that set some persons apart from others. According to Goffman, if a target person belongs to a group that is defined in terms of devalued visible markers (e.g., Blacks, women), then one's efforts at conveying desired impressions in the minds of social perceivers from groups that are defined in terms of valued physical markers (e.g., Whites, men) will be doomed as soon as the target person enters a social situation. Thus, Goffman (1963) referred to the identity of a person bearing a visible social stigma as discredited--not because the target person necessarily internalizes a negative opinion of himself or herself, but because the social perceivers readily form negative impressions without the target person having said a word (and often despite the target person having said or done everything possible to contradict the negative impressions). Within the United States, persons of color in general--and Black persons in particular--are stigmatized on the basis of the melanin content of their skin. Of course, melanin in itself is not the problem. The presence of melanin in one's skin helps protect one from developing skin cancer and other adverse consequences of exposure to the sun (Allport, 1954). Nevertheless, a review of the social-psychological literature on intergroup relations (e. …" @default.
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• W125962107 date "2002-09-22" @default.
• W125962107 modified "2023-09-23" @default.
• W125962107 title "Discredited and Discreditable Identities: One Black American's Experiences in the United States, Jamaica, and England" @default.
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