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• W126099802 abstract "atershed Development Programmes (WDPs) were con-ceived as tools for correcting the regional imbalancesin agricultural development created by green revolu-tion, through investments in soil and water conservation (SWC)and natural resource management (NRM) in rainfed areas. TheWDPs have evolved from being purely technically oriented SWCprogrammes to more integrated and participatory programmesaiming at NRM with organisation of beneficiaries (watershedplus) and more recently targeting livelihood improvement (wa-tershed plus plus). Though the rationale for WDPs has been topromote inter-regional equity, the impact of watershed invest-ments on inter-household equity has turned out to be mixed.Though the overall impact of WDPs has been positive andsignificant [Rao 2000], increase in physical and economic accessto groundwater [Chandrakanth et al 2004], landless and marginalhouseholds hardly benefited from watershed development, whilethe better off households located in downstream areas and withaccess to irrigation have benefited most [Farrington et al 1999].The availability of irrigation is central to increased croppingintensity, crop productivity, hence labour absorption and reducedmigration [Shah 2001]. With the focus of most watershed deve-lopment projects on increased crop productivity, the inequitiesembedded in the distribution of agricultural land were onlyreinforced. Recent evidence points out that in many watershedsinequities increased, since for non-land owning and -well owninghouseholds access to drinking water, grazing lands and othernatural resources decreased [Kerr 2002; Batchelor et al 2003].It is increasingly being recognised that to increase the equityof watershed development, more attention has to be paid tolivestock production, which is a major livelihood activity in mostrainfed areas. In addition to providing income through animaland dairy sales, it has an important function for crop productionby providing manure and draught power. Especially in theecologically fragile areas of semi-arid watersheds, livestock makesan important contribution to the survival of the economicallyweaker sections [India Task Force 1987], small ruminants inparticular playing an important role in ensuring rural livelihoodsagainst drought [Pasha 2000].Water and fodder are the most critical constraints for livestockdevelopment in semi-arid areas. Although in some cases WDPshave tried to improve biomass production on commons, in mostcases livestock production has insufficiently been accounted for,missing out on important opportunities to improve the livelihoodof the watershed poor. Watershed development appears to haveeven negatively affected livestock production: due to grazingrestrictions on common lands, households dependent on smallruminants have in some cases been forced to migrate with theirlivestock and/or to sell it off. For large ruminant owners theeffects were not so adverse: as these species usually depend moreon crop residues and stall-feeding.This paper will elaborate how the equity and sustainabilityimpacts of watershed interventions can be improved by targetinginvestments to incorporate livestock production concerns and byincreasing the livestock production potential in semi-arid wa-tersheds." @default.
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• W126099802 date "2004-01-01" @default.
• W126099802 modified "2023-09-27" @default.
• W126099802 title "Sustainable livestock production in semi-arid watersheds" @default.
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