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• W126912982 abstract "Introduction The Liberation Army of Kosova (Ushtria Clirimtare e Kosoves, UCK) or 'KLA' (1) has been the best known Albanian rebel movement in the former Yugoslavia during the 1990s. Its most important offshoots have been the National Liberation Army (Ushtria Clirimtare Kombetare, UCK) or 'NLA' (2) in the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia (FYROM) (3) and the Liberation Army of Presevo, Medvedja and Bujanovac (Ushtria Clirimtare e Presheves, Medvegjes dhe Bujanovcit, UCPMB) in southern Serbia. Between 1979 and 2001 most Albanian rebel groups were born, grew and withered, though some groups existed since the 1970s and even earlier. Still the arrival of the Kosova Liberation Army surprised Western policymakers. Analysts are uncertain about the intentions of this rebel movement and its offshoots and political successors. This paper contains a structured comparative analysis of the two major Albanian militant formations: KLA (Kosovo Liberation Army) and NLA (National Liberation Army). The analysis presents the Albanian grievances in Kosovo and FYR Macedonia and critically examines the origins, structure and success of the two Albanian militant groups. The analysis ends with an evaluation of the current state of popular grievances and the current state of these two organizations. The Nature of Albanian Violence The Albanians nurture a culture of violence well tailored to guerrilla i.e. hit-and-run warfare. The mostly Muslim Albanians have a long history of resistance against powerful rulers and neighbours. Secular nationalism dominates their thinking since the 1878 League of Prizren under Abdyl Bey Frasheri called for a unified Albanian state. (4) Albanians have had to do without any state until the establishment of Albania in 1912. Enver Hoxha (5) and Sali Berisha (6) did support Albanian separatists in Kosovo and FYROM Macedonia. Yet by and large irredentists had to sustain themselves. Albanian families (shpi), clans (fis) and political movements are closely-knit and close-mouthed so as to survive and sustain underground activities. (7) They are only talkative when they feel safe and in their interest to tell their side of the story. (8) Albanians have had few successful 'state builders'. Even their national hero Skanderbeg, who defeated Ottoman forces from 1443 until his death in 1468, remained a 'mere' rebel chief in his northern Albanian stronghold. (9) Socially we can speak of a culture of the gun. Albanians customarily keep and use weapons for the blood feud, a major part of their Kanun centred on besa (oath-of-honour), the traditional 'Law of the Mountains' or 'Kanun of Lek Dukagjin'. (10) Albanians have a low threshold to take up arms for any public or private cause. Albanians frequently use their weapons to 'settle' property disputes in post-war Kosovo; people are killed by them. (11) Real and perceived grievances sustain such a propensity to violence. This at times degenerates into violent crime, banditry, terrorism (violence against civilians) and other humanitarian and human rights violations. Grievances of Albanians in Kosovo The interethnic relations between Serbs and Albanians in Kosovo within the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (SFRY) deteriorated sharply after the student riots at the University of Pristina on 11 March 1981, nearly a year after the death of Tito. Hundreds of Albanian students demanded better living conditions. Thousands of factory workers, miners and farmers joined the protests, shouting Kosovo--Republic! and We want a Unified Albania!. Blagoje Nikolic even speaks of a full-scale armed rebellion between April 1 and 3 and a lingering insurrection afterwards. (12) Dissatisfaction with poor living standards--which became worse during the economic crisis of the 1980s--translated into radical political demands which separatist groups like the Group of Marxist-Leninists of Kosova (GMLK) and the Movement for the National Liberation of Kosova (MNLK) had pursued for years. …" @default.
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• W126912982 date "2008-06-22" @default.
• W126912982 modified "2023-09-28" @default.
• W126912982 title "A Success Story? Analysing Albanian Ethno-Nationalist Extremism in the Balkans" @default.
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