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• W12865711 abstract "GEORGE SANTAYANA, a one-time Harvard professor, possessed an intimate knowledge of German philosophy and wrote a book originally entitled Egotism in Germany (1915). In this work, he expresses concern about some of the trends in German philosophy and tries to warn others about the dangers lurking in its ideas for the sake of world peace. The work shows particular concern about the spirit of self-assertion and the metaphysical conceit that induces philosophers like Fichte and Hegel to exalt the German nation and find no higher tribunal of right and wrong beyond the egotistic prejudices of their state. (1) He sees danger in the post-Kantian tendency to reduce everything in life to the mere prejudices of pure subjectivity or the exertion of force and to lose all sense of external authority, whether it is found in an objective world, a heaven of ideas, or the revelation of God. (2) He calls Gottfried Leibniz the first German philosopher because he followed this egoistic voluntarism, seeing each individual enclosed within a self-constrained circle and driven by inward forces. (3) Arthur Schopenhauer developed the theme further, emphasizing the to live as the one metaphysical truth. Friedrich Nietzsche soon converted Schopenhauer's idea into the to living beyond reason and morality, throwing childish tantrums throughout his life, and showing the end result of an egoistic, voluntaristic philosophy, led by ceaseless and capricious cravings. (4) Santayana thinks these philosophers have oversimplified the multifaceted nature of humanity and provide a pretext for German militarism in their egotism or will to power. (5) No example serves his point and shows his prescience better than the later work of Martin Heidegger, who finds the metaphysical essence of the German spirit in voluntarism and joins the Nazis through his own personal belief in this emphasis upon power. (6) Gottfried Leibniz. Both Santayana and Heidegger think of Gottfried Leibniz as providing the impetus toward voluntarism in German metaphysics. While Leibniz works within the intellectualist or rationalist tradition, viewing the world and our reason as a reflection of divine wisdom, he provides a pretext for voluntarism by letting God withdraw from creation and giving to each its own autonomy or force (entelechy). This concept is much different from the typical view of theism within the intellectualist tradition, where God relates to the world through ongoing, providential dealings--holding, sustaining, and perfecting its existence as the one true power of life and the basis of its unity. Instead, Leibniz thinks of God establishing a harmony in the act of creation and then leaving the world by making each monad fit within the experience of all others and act according to the best possible plan for all involved. (7) Every individual substance of this universe expresses in its concept the universe into which it has entered. (8) Thus, the universe develops its harmony and purpose without receiving any outside interference to violate the internal principle of power, without God intervening, and without objects pushing or pulling, interacting or influencing each other. (9) Leibniz remains committed to theism and rationalism throughout his presentation, but it does not take a great deal of imagination to see how an atheist might take the forces of nature in Leibniz's system and allow them to interact with one another in an autonomous and secular state of affairs, letting God withdraw completely from the process and developing a voluntaristic view of life as a power play between irrational forces. This Nazi-like concept could develop from Leibniz, given the right set of circumstances and a few necessary changes to the overall theistic ideology. II Arthur Schopenhauer. The most noteworthy philosopher in making the transition is Arthur Schopenhauer. He thinks of the will as the key to understanding the innermost mechanism of our being, and through this understanding, the innermost nature of the world around us. …" @default.
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• W12865711 date "2011-02-01" @default.
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• W12865711 title "The Nazis and the German Metaphysical Tradition of Voluntarism" @default.
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