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• W129107679 abstract "The filamentous fungus Penicillium cyclopium conidiates in the presence of calcium ions in submerged culture without nutrient limitation according to a precisely timed program. Conidiation could be prematurely induced in a nutritionally sufficient medium which had previously supported growth, suggesting that a metabolite which influenced the process was produced. A diterpenoid with conidiation-inducing activity, conidiogenone, was purified from the culture medium, along with conidiogenol, a putative derivative with delayed activity. Contrary to previous thought, the presence of calcium was demonstrated to only decrease the threshold concentration of conidiogenone required for the induction to proceed. In light of these results, a mechanism of conidiation induction is presented according to which the mycelium produces a conidiation inducer (conidiogenone) that accumulates extracellularly. When a threshold concentration is reached, induction likely takes place by interaction with a specific cellular receptor. The results indicate that conidiogenone is both sufficient and necessary to induce conidiation. Conidiogenesis is a widespread morphogenetic process that filamentous fungi undertake for dispersal. The cellular mechanisms underlying conidiation have been extensively studied in the model organisms Aspergillus nidulans and Neurospora crassa (1, 21). The strongest and most common stimulus for conidiation among filamentous fungi is the emergence of hyphae to the air (16). However, the precise mechanism by which conidiation induction is triggered under such a complex environmental change for the hypha has proven to be an elusive question. Conidiation may be provoked in liquid culture under controlled conditions (7, 9, 20). In the 1940s, it was demonstrated that Penicillium notatum growing in submerged liquid culture could be induced to conidiate when calcium ions (0.5 to 5.0%, wt/vol) were present in the medium (6). Calcium-induced conidiation was later described in detail (9) as a process consisting of two phases, an initial growth phase in which the fungus attained competence for conidiation induction and a second phase, after induction by calcium, consisting of a sequence of synchronous and precisely timed morphogenetic changes leading to conidium formation. The attainment of competence was proposed to be a process related to the accumulation of fungal metabolites by the culture (10), although the nature of such metabolites has remained unknown to date. Penicillium cyclopium displays a behavior pattern concerning the timing and pattern of conidiation as well as susceptibility to calcium induction very similar to but more consistent than that reported for P. notatum (22). A number of studies have shown that the cation is rapidly adsorbed to the cell surface (23, 24) and that calcium removal within the first 2 h of contact with the cells results in the reversal of the induction of conidiation (24). The precise role of the cation has not yet been accurately determined, but the accumulated evidence favors the hypothesis that the mechanism by which it exerts its action is related to binding rather than to its intracellular accumulation. In this report, we describe the isolation of two closely related molecules produced by P. cyclopium which induce conidiation under nonnutrient limitation conditions in the presence and absence of calcium ions. The finding is relevant in the context of conidiation in liquid culture but also provides a plausible explanation for the process of conidiation induction on emergence to the aerial environment." @default.
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• W129107679 modified "2023-09-23" @default.
• W129107679 title "Conidiation in Penicillium cyclopium is triggered by conidiogenone: an endogenous diterpene." @default.
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