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• W130103676 abstract "Spector (1982) has suggested that the personality construct locus of control (Rotter, 1966) is an important individual difference variable related to success in the working setting. Individuals who perceive events in their environment as being contingent on their actions are said to have an internal locus of control orientation. Those with an external locus of control orientation, on the other hand, tend to perceive events in their environment as being due to fate, luck, or powerful others. One employment factor hypothesized to be related to locus of control is job tenure. Organ and Greene (1974) contend that longer tenure promotes a sense of empowerment in conducting one's job activities. Consistent with this premise, an internal locus of control orientation has been found to be associated with longer tenure among research scientists and engineers (Organ & Greene, 1974) and among public administrators (Harvey, 1971). Underlying the hypothesized relationship between tenure and locus of control is the assumption that an individual has some degree of autonomy in structuring his or her work environment. Teaching provides an employment situation in which this assumption tends to be sustained. Teachers typically function in a work environment which they are largely responsible for structuring themselves as well as engaging in collaborative relations which they also influence. Thus, given the assumption of autonomy and the sense of empowerment that should come with greater experience in structuring one's environment, it would be expected that longer tenure would be associated with an internal locus of control orientation among teachers. This meta-analytic study was conducted, therefore, to determine if a cumulative relationship exists between job tenure and locus of control among teachers. Method Identification of Studies The following sources were searched for studies on locus of control among teachers: Current Index to Journals in Education; Dissertation Abstracts International; Education Index; Psychological Abstracts, and Resources in Education. The time frame of the search covered 1966 through 1989. Those studies which included (1) a measure of generalized locus of control across the entire sample, (2) a measure of tenure, (3) samples of working teachers, and (4) sufficient information from which to calculate an effect size were selected for the meta-analysis. The final sample had 12 effect sizes from 11 studies (N = 2446) which met the criteria for inclusion. A listing of the selected studies is presented in Appendix A. Determination of Effect Size The metric used in this analysis was the effect size r, where r is the correlation between the measure of work tenure and the measure of generalized locus of control. Meta-analysis procedures developed by Hunter, Schmidt, and Jackson (1982) were used. Mean effect sizes, variances of the effect sizes, variances due to sampling error, and standard deviations of the effect sizes corrected for sampling error were TABULAR DATA OMITTED calculated. The 95% confidence intervals around the corrected standard deviations also were calculated. These confidence intervals provide information about the possible operation of moderators (cf. Whitener, 1990). Results The selected studies and their corresponding effect sizes are presented in Table 1. As the Rotter (1966) scale is scored such that lower scores indicated more of an internal locus of control, this protocol was followed here. Negative correlations then indicate that longer tenure is associated with a more internal locus of control orientation. A summary of the overall meta-analysis is presented in Table 2. For the entire sample, longer tenure was associated with a more internal locus of control orientation, Mr = -.1588. However, as the confidence interval approached zero TABULAR DATA OMITTED and there was substantial heterogeneity within the sample, ||Chi~.sup.2~(11) = 24. …" @default.
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• W130103676 date "1993-09-22" @default.
• W130103676 modified "2023-09-23" @default.
• W130103676 title "Cumulative Evidence of the Relationship between Work Tenure and Generalized Locus of Control among Teachers" @default.
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