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• W130193088 abstract "The ability to use time efficiently is an important skill in academic settings. Students are constantly faced with deadlines and have specific outcomes (i.e., assignments) to produce within a specified time period. Despite the apparent importance of using one's time efficiently, surprisingly little is known about efficient time use and its correlates. Kelly (2002, p. 13) defined time use efficiency as making the best use of one's time. Although several previous studies have investigated specific elements of how to make use of one's time, i.e., time management and time structure, little research has examined time use efficiency as a psychological construct. To spur research on the topic, Kelly (2002) presented a theory of time use efficiency which included three basic elements: an awareness of time, awareness of that which fills time, and positive in-task work habits. An awareness of time suggests that individuals must be aware of time, both in general and as it passes, and use that awareness effectively. Awareness of that which fills time suggests that individuals are familiar with tasks which fill time, including an ability to analyze how long tasks take to complete, and use that awareness to allot sufficient time to complete tasks. Finally, possessing positive in-task work habits include cognitive and behavioral tasks which facilitate the completion of tasks, such as time management behaviors, attention to task, and self-discipline (Kelly, 2002). To better study time use efficiency, Kelly (2003) developed the Time Use Efficiency Scale (TUES). Kelly reported that higher scores on the scale correlated with less procrastination, a greater sense of purpose in time use, more use of routines and time structure, the use of time management behaviors, setting goals and priorities, self-efficacy, less stress, and an internal locus of control. The TUES also has been found to positively correlate with higher grade-point averages among college students (Kelly, 2004). Based on the correlates of the TUES presented earlier and the theoretical framework presented by Kelly (2002), it would appear that time use efficiency includes, or correlates with, many elements of conscientiousness of the Five-Factor Model of Personality (FFM; i.e., Digman & Inouye, 1986). The FFM asserts that normal human personality can be described using five general dimensions: 1. openness to experience, or intellect (imagination curiosity, and intellectualism), 2. conscientiousness (impulse control, planning, and organization), 3. extraversion (sociable and outgoing). 4. agreeableness (altruism and empathy), and 5. emotional instability, or neuroticism (psychological maladjustment and more experiences of unpleasant emotions). Highly conscientious individuals are typically described as being purposeful, strong-willed, determined, careful, future-oriented, and motivated to accomplish goals (Costa & McCrae, 1992; Digman & Inouye, 1986). Individuals low in conscientiousness are described as lackadaisical in working towards goals and somewhat hedonistic. Previous research has found conscientiousness to relate to a tendency to make lists, plan, and prioritize activities (Feig, 1995), allowing oneself additional time to complete tasks (Kelly, Johnson, & Miller, 2003), less procrastination (Johnson, & Bloom, 1995), and a more positive attitude and approach to tasks (Gellatly, 1996). Because of the overlap between conscientiousness correlates and the theoretical description and correlates of time use efficiency, it was predicted that time use efficiency would positively relate to conscientiousness. Due to the lack of theoretical associations between time use efficiency and the other four factors of the EFM, no other predictions were made. Method Participants and Procedure After obtaining informed consent, 105 (71 female) undergraduate human services and graduate counseling students were administered the self-report instruments described below. …" @default.
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• W130193088 date "2005-03-22" @default.
• W130193088 modified "2023-09-24" @default.
• W130193088 title "Time Use Efficiency and the Five-Factor Model of Personality" @default.
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