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• W131262547 abstract "When Thomas Edison invented the motion picture, educators hailed it. They understood that this new technology, by bringing the world to the classroom, would move education a giant step forward. But much earlier, photographs, or still pictures, were not so well received. In the 1860s there were controversies over the use of photographs and illustrations in textbooks. Many felt the pictures would dilute the meaning of education and would dumb down the lessons children needed to learn. It seems that telecommunications services are experiencing a similar mixed reception among educators. Many support it, others are skeptical. To understand the impetus behind modern telecommunications services, we need to think for a moment about the distinctly human need to communicate. All forms of communication are simply ways of sending codes -- mutually understood symbols that represent bits of experience. The need to code and share experience may be traced to speech and language, the first code. The development in early mankind of infinitely variable strings of understandable speech distinguished the Homosapien forever from the world of animals. For most of the history of mankind, the oral-aural symbol was the main conduit of communication. People could talk to those with whom they came in direct contact. Evolution of Human Communication Five thousand years ago civilization developed a second tier of symbols to represent the phonemic elements of speech: phonetic writing. With the advent of writing, people could interact with more distant groups, the literate few whom written documents could reach by messenger or post. Writing enabled some people to move beyond time and geography and extend their influence to the next generation and across the earth. Just as speech had allowed people to experience vicarious environments and to conjure their own experiences in the imaginations of others, writing permitted this ability at a distance. In the last century we developed two additional modes of sending codes: broadcasting, which allows the sending of oral, written, and visual messages from one location to many other locations; and, telephonic communication systems, which permit communication back and forth between individual senders and receivers, mimicking spoken dialog. Modern telecommunications service is a continuation of our human legacy of sharing and conveying precise renderings of experience. It is a natural extension of our inherent social need to deliver, ever more quickly and accurately, our experiences and knowledge. Speech and language are the mediums of expressing private experiences publicly. Indeed, many modern virtual worlds look, feel, and sound like the real thing. Like the motion picture and the photograph before, telecommunications services will find their natural place in education. Most important, they will make high-quality education available to everyone. Once upon a time, learning communities consisted of students who would gather in small, elite groups around a scholar for a session of Socratic dialog. In the 18th century this arrangement disappeared, and the classroom took its place, brought about by the invention of the printing press and the availability of books and libraries. A wider cross-section of student could now leave the classroom, study from books, then return to the classroom for dialog and interactive learning with scholars and teachers. But if geographic distance prevented attendance in a classroom, there was nothing to be done, and outsiders accepted the limitations of their lives. Recent advances in computer technology have changed such fateful scenarios. Early Applications of Computers In World War II computers were used as number-crunching machines by research institutions and the military; in the 1960s they were used as word processing machines. In the 1980s they were used for individual instruction. In the 1990s, they debuted as communication devices. …" @default.
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• W131262547 title "Technology in Education and the Next Twenty-Five Years." @default.
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