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• W132735103 abstract "Over the past decade, the Marbled Murrelet has become a focus of much controversy. It was listed as threatened in Washington, Oregon, and California by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service in February 1993. In order to aid the various agencies with management, the Marbled Murrelet Conservation Assessment was formed to bring together scientists, managers, and others to gather all the available data on this small seabird. This volume of research is the culmination of that effort. In this chapter, we integrate the results of the investigations and summaries on the past history, present status, and possible future of the species, based on the data presented in this volume and other published research. We also propose what we consider the most important research needs. Then, based on the findings of this volume, we suggest actions for management to help ensure the survival of the species. The recent decline and fragmentation of Marbled Murrelet (Brachyramphus marmoratus) populations in the southern portion of its range (California, Oregon, and Washington) resulted in an awareness that the species was in need of protection or it risked extirpation. In 1982 and 1986, the Pacific Seabird Group developed a set of resolutions that called attention to the Marbled Murrelet and the threats it faced. The Group requested that the appropriate agencies involved in management decisions consider research about the species. The response from the agencies was muted at best. On January 15, 1988, the National Audubon Society petitioned the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service to list the California, Oregon, and Washington populations of the species as a threatened species. The Service’s 90-day finding stated that the petition had presented substantial information to indicate that the requested action may be warranted. It was published in the Federal Register on October 17, 1988. Because of increased research efforts and the amount of new data available, several public comment periods were opened to receive additional information on the species and the potential threats to it. On the basis of the positive 90-day finding, the Marbled Murrelet was added to the Service’s Notice of Review for Vertebrate Wildlife as a Category 2 Species for listing. In 1990, the Marbled Murrelet was proposed as a threatened species by the British Columbia Ministry of Environment, Lands, and Parks to the Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada. The species was designated as nationally threatened in June 1990. A recovery team was established in September of that year and was unique to Canada because it included representatives of both the federal and provincial governments, the forest industry, environmental non-governmental organizations, and academia. The species was listed as threatened mainly because of loss of nesting habitat, but also because of fishing-net mortality and the threat of oil spills. In 1991, the State of California listed the species as endangered because of the loss of older forests. On June 20, 1991, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service published a proposed rule in the Federal Register to designate it as a threatened species in Washington, Oregon, and California. The main reason for listing was the loss of older forest nesting habitat. Secondary threats included loss due to net fisheries and the potential threat of oil spills. In July 1992, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service published another notice in the Federal Register announcing a 6-month extension for determining the status of Marbled Murrelets. However, the Service was taken to court for not meeting the legal time frames provided for in the Endangered Species Act and, in September 1992, published a final rule in the Federal Register, listing the Marbled Murrelet as a threatened species in the three States. A recovery team was established in February 1993 and is now in the final stages of a recovery plan for the three-State area (U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, in press). The State of Washington is now reviewing a recommendation to classify the Marbled Murrelet as a threatened species. To date, the Marbled Murrelet has not been recommended for listing in Oregon. This chapter reviews the results of published research and new investigations presented in this volume, discusses the likely future of the species and its habitat in North America, and outlines the actions considered necessary to maintain viable populations. Background and Assessment of Available Information Distribution and Habitat Summary—Marbled Murrelets in North America occur from the Bering Sea to central California. During the breeding season, the majority of murrelets are found offshore of late successional and old-growth forests, located mostly within 60 1 Research Wildlife Biologist, Pacific Southwest Research Station, USDA Forest Service, Redwood Sciences Labratory,1700 Bayview Drive, Arcata CA 95521 2 Professor, Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Irvine, CA 92717 3 Chief Research Wildlife Biologist, Pacific Northwest Research Station, USDA Forest Service, 3625 93rd Ave., Olympia, WA 98512-9193 4 Research Biologist, Alaska Science Center, U.S. Department of the Interior, National Biological Service, 1011 East Tudor Road, Anchorage, AK 99503" @default.
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• W132735103 date "1995-01-01" @default.
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• W132735103 title "Ecology and conservation of the Marbled Murrelet in North America: An overview" @default.
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