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• W133655473 abstract "Marine protected areas (MPAs) have become common resource management tools for conserving natural and cultural values of marine environments. The natural and social systems associated with MP As are generally not well understood. Adaptive management has been promoted as an important approach to incorporating new information and experience into management decisions in order to respond to changing conditions and improve management effectiveness over time. An essential component of adaptive management is the iterative process of evaluating progress and achievements in order to identify ways to improve management. Because there are very few documented case studies of adaptive management of MPAs in practice, general principles for how to design and conduct evaluations that meet the information needs for managing MPAs adaptively have not been established.Recommendations for improving the practice of evaluating MPAs have tended to focus on how to improve the application of science and/or the engagement of stakeholders in decision-making processes, generally through better communication and awareness raising. Most discussion on these topics has been in the context of MPA design rather than ongoing management. There has been little investigation of how the benefits of scientific methods and data can be merged with the value-laden realities of social context in the processes of designing, conducting and presenting participatory evaluations of MPAs that inform adaptive management. These knowledge gaps are addressed in this dissertation. An overall action research approach (involving action learning and cooperative inquiry) is taken toward examining the information needs of managers, suitable methodologies for meeting those information needs, and the roles and limits of science and participatory approaches in evaluation processes. A multidisciplinary approach was taken to reviewing literature from the fields of protected area management, integrated coastal management, rural development, business management, social program evaluation, and the natural and social sciences of marine resource management. Case studies were conducted at two sites in Indonesia, representing very different management contexts. Results from the research revealed that because MPAs have so much in common with social programming and participatory conservation and development projects, many lessons from these fields can and should be applied to evaluating and managing MPAs. The usefulness of evaluations depends on whether the results satisfy the objectives for evaluating and provide meaningful recommendations that are specific to a particular management context. Objectives VI for evaluating at the study sites included, among other issues, empowerment and conflict resolution, so the process of evaluating in these cases was just as important and influential as the final results. Interviews and workshops revealed that stakeholders' preferences for indicators of management effectiveness were broad and did not directly reflect the stated management objectives of the site. Moreover, information needs and expectations changed over time. This suggests each evaluation process (over time and across sites) should include an initial stage focused on establishing meaningful objectives and site-specific criteria for evaluating. Many existing evaluation methods propose processes and indicators that are relevant and feasible for evaluating MPAs. None of the methods analysed in this study were entirely in line with the information needs and process expectations of stakeholders at the study sites. Instead, parts of many different methods were combined in the design and conduct of the two site-specific evaluations. Based on lessons learned through the case studies, recommendations are posed for selecting and combining different evaluation methods by using criteria related to their appropriateness, relevance, feasibility adequacy and operational practicalities relative to different contexts. A reflection workshop at one site showed that stakeholders prefer 'combination approaches' to evaluation, which involve a combination of local and external participants and the use of both standardised and site-specific evaluation criteria, over either intemal/site-specific or external/standardised approaches alone. Interactive participation was considered preferable for decision steps in the evaluation process, while less intensive types of participation were considered suitable for operational steps such as data collection and analyses. Results from interviews and a workshop also indicated that scientific methods and data add credibility to evaluation results only if they are presented in a way that is easily understandable and clearly related to management concerns. This research also identified some important areas for further investigation. In particular there is a need for further case studies on combined-method approaches to evaluation, the costs and benefits of different types of participation, and identification of opportunities for closing the cultural divide between policy and science." @default.
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• W133655473 date "2007-01-01" @default.
• W133655473 modified "2023-09-27" @default.
• W133655473 title "Evaluating management effectiveness of marine protected areas" @default.
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