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- W133655481 abstract "In this chapter, I begin by tracing the origins of the alleged inconsistency between animal ethics and environmental ethics in late 20th century philosophical discourse. I then clarify the debate in two ways. First, I discuss the structure of consistency arguments and argumentative strategies for responding to allegations of inconsistency. This is important in that it defines the task: what, exactly, does it mean to say that animal ethics and environmental ethics are incompatible or inconsistent? How might one go about responding to such an allegation? Second, it is unclear what defines the fields of “animal ethics” and “environmental ethics.” I argue that we must avoid a pair of errors: all-encompassingness and narrowness. We must not define these fields too broadly, lest every ethic become an environmental or animal ethic, or define them too narrowly, because such conceptions assume controversial theses, begging live philosophical questions. Instead, I argue that these fields should be understood by reference to (i) certain core pragmatic implications supported by intra-field consensus, and (ii) a thinly normative commitment of each: environmental ethics accounts for environmental value which transcends the environment’s use-value for humans, and animal ethics accounts for the direct moral standing of (some) animals. I end by defining a few key terms and distinctions used throughout this work. 10 1.1 INTRODUCTION In this chapter, I give some background material to frame the research problem addressed in subsequent chapters. I begin by giving some historical context about how the schism emerged between moral philosophy about animals and about the environment. Next, I discuss the nature of consistency, arguments from consistency and inconsistency, and how allegations of inconsistency are best addressed, as these aspects of consistency are context for the framing consistency argument of this work. I then discuss just what is and is not meant by “animal ethics” and “environmental ethics”, and finally, I introduce a few key terms. 1.2 THE SPECIATION OF ANIMAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL ETHICS Over the course of the 20 century, moral concern about our treatment of the nonhuman world has transitioned from a fringe concern into the social, political, legal, and philosophical mainstream. As fields of applied ethics, animal ethics and environmental ethics arose in response to different, historically situated moral problems concerning the nonhuman world. Animal ethics discourse arose out of moral concern with domesticated animals directly under human control, particularly the use of animals in agriculture, research, and entertainment. Before Congress signed the U.S. Animal Welfare Act into law in 1966, the treatment of animals in research, exhibition, transportation, and by dealers was federally unregulated in the United States. Also, before the publication of popular books such as Ruth Harrison’s Animal Machines: The New Factory Farming Industry (1966) and Peter Singer’s Animal Liberation (1975), the “animal question” was of marginal interest in academic philosophy. 11 In environmental ethics, discussion has largely emerged from the unintended consequences of human action on the natural environment, such as the loss of biodiversity, the compromise of natural systems and processes, and the appropriation of wild areas for human development. The Clean Air Act (1963) and Clean Water Act (1972) were the first significant environmental regulations in the United States. They arose in response to a public galvanized over environmental pollution, such as a series of fires on the Cuyahoga River in the 1950’s and 1960’s, leading to national media attention in Time Magazine on June 22, 1969. There was little consideration of environmental issues in academic philosophy before the publication of Rachel Carson’s Silent Spring (1962), Paul Ehlrich’s The Population Bomb (1968), and two seminal articles in Science, Lynn White's “The Historical Roots of our Ecologic Crisis” (1967) and Garrett Hardin's “The Tragedy of the Commons” (1968). Another piece of this puzzle is that animal ethics and environmental ethics latched on to different cultural currents in professional philosophy in their early years. This point is nicely articulated by Dale Jamieson: Part of the explanation for the comparative conceptual conservatism of animal liberationist philosophers is that, for the most part, they have been educated in the mainstream traditions of Anglo-American philosophy, while environmental ethicists often have been educated outside the mainstream and are influenced by continental philosophers, ‘process’ philosophers, or theologians. The split between environmental ethics and animal liberation is as much cultural and sociological as philosophical. (Jamieson 1998, 44) 1 There were some precedents, such as the creation of the National Forest Service in 1905, the creation of the National Park Service in 1916, and the Federal Water Pollution Control Amendments of 1948, but these were much less systematic. 2 It is also worth noting that Aldo Leopold’s A Sand County Almanac, which contains his defense of the land ethic, was posthumously published in 1949 to little fanfare. It was not until the environmental movement in the 1970’s that the book became a best-seller." @default.
- W133655481 created "2016-06-24" @default.
- W133655481 creator A5024016760 @default.
- W133655481 date "2012-01-01" @default.
- W133655481 modified "2023-09-23" @default.
- W133655481 title "Minding Nature: A Defense of a Sentiocentric Approach to Environmental Ethics" @default.
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